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M2 2023 Oct Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

Particle PP has mass 4m4m and particle QQ has mass 2m2m.

The particles are moving in opposite directions along the same straight line on a smooth horizontal surface.

Particle PP collides directly with particle QQ.

Immediately before the collision, the speed of PP is 2u2u and the speed of QQ is 3u3u.

Immediately after the collision, the speed of PP is xx and the speed of QQ is yy.

The direction of motion of each particle is reversed as a result of the collision.

The total kinetic energy of PP and QQ after the collision is half of the total kinetic energy of PP and QQ before the collision.

(a) Show that y=83uy=\frac83u

(6)

The coefficient of restitution between PP and QQ is ee.

(b) Find the value of ee.

(3)

After the collision, QQ hits a smooth fixed vertical wall that is perpendicular to the direction of motion of QQ.

Particle QQ rebounds.

The coefficient of restitution between QQ and the wall is ff.

Given that there is no second collision between PP and QQ,

(c) find the range of possible values of ff.

(3)

Given that f=14f=\frac14

(d) find, in terms of mm and uu, the magnitude of the impulse received by QQ as a result of its impact with the wall.

(2)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP 的质量为 4m4m,质点 QQ 的质量为 2m2m。

两质点在光滑水平面上沿同一直线反向运动。

质点 PP 与质点 QQ 发生正碰。

碰撞前瞬间,PP 的速率为 2u2u,QQ 的速率为 3u3u。

碰撞后瞬间,PP 的速率为 xx,QQ 的速率为 yy。

碰撞使每个质点的运动方向均反转。

碰撞后 PP、QQ 的总动能为碰撞前两者总动能的一半。

(a) 证明 y=83uy=\frac83u。

(6)

PP 与 QQ 之间的恢复系数为 ee。

(b) 求 ee 的值。

(3)

碰撞后,QQ 撞上垂直于其运动方向的光滑固定竖直墙。

质点 QQ 反弹。

QQ 与墙之间的恢复系数为 ff。

已知 PP、QQ 没有发生第二次碰撞,

(c) 求 ff 的可能取值范围。

(3)

已知 f=14f=\frac14,

(d) 用 mm 和 uu 表示 QQ 撞墙所受到的冲量大小。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

两粒子碰后均反向,先统一正方向,动量使用有符号速度,动能使用平方。联立后展示二次式与因式分解,舍去负速率根,才能完成证明题。

答题过程

展开

Take the initial direction of PP as positive. Before the collision the velocities are +2u+2u and −3u-3u; afterwards they are −x-x and +y+y.

Conservation of momentum gives

4m(2u)+2m(−3u)=4m(−x)+2my.4m(2u)+2m(-3u)=4m(-x)+2my.

Dividing by 2m2m,

u=y−2x,x=y−u2.u=y-2x,\qquad x=\frac{y-u}{2}.

The initial kinetic energy is

K0=12(4m)(2u)2+12(2m)(3u)2=17mu2.K_0=\frac12(4m)(2u)^2+\frac12(2m)(3u)^2=17mu^2.

Since the final kinetic energy is half this,

12(4m)x2+12(2m)y2=172mu2.\frac12(4m)x^2+\frac12(2m)y^2=\frac{17}{2}mu^2.

Thus

4x2+2y2=17u2.4x^2+2y^2=17u^2.

Substituting for xx gives

(y−u)2+2y2=17u2,(y-u)^2+2y^2=17u^2, 3y2−2uy−16u2=0,3y^2-2uy-16u^2=0, (3y−8u)(y+2u)=0.(3y-8u)(y+2u)=0.

Since yy is a positive speed, y=−2uy=-2u is inadmissible. Hence

y=83u.\boxed{y=\frac83u}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先由动量关系求 xx,再计算分离速率与接近速率的比。碰前和碰后两粒子方向都相反,所以两处均使用速率之和。

答题过程

展开

From (a),

x=y−u2=(8/3)u−u2=56u.x=\frac{y-u}{2}=\frac{(8/3)u-u}{2}=\frac56u.

The approach speed is 2u+3u=5u2u+3u=5u, and the separation speed is x+yx+y. Therefore

e=x+y5u=(5/6)u+(8/3)u5u.e=\frac{x+y}{5u}=\frac{(5/6)u+(8/3)u}{5u}.

Hence

e=710.\boxed{e=\frac7{10}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

撞墙后 QQ 在 PP 后方并沿同方向追赶。只要 QQ 的反弹速率不超过 PP 就不会追上;相等时距离保持不变,应包括等号。题目说反弹,因此排除 f=0f=0。

答题过程

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After rebounding from the wall, QQ moves in the same direction as PP, with speed

fy=f(83u).fy=f\left(\frac83u\right).

At this stage PP is ahead of QQ in their direction of motion, and its speed remains x=5u/6x=5u/6.

For QQ not to catch PP, its speed must not exceed that of PP:

f(83u)≤56u.f\left(\frac83u\right)\le\frac56u.

Thus

f≤516.f\le\frac5{16}.

Also f>0f>0 because QQ rebounds. Equality gives equal speeds and a constant positive separation, so it is included. Therefore

0<f≤516.\boxed{0<f\le\frac5{16}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

冲量等于有符号动量变化。撞墙使 QQ 反向,速度变化的大小是碰前速率与反弹速率之和,而不是两速率之差。

答题过程

展开

Take the direction towards the wall as positive. The velocity of QQ changes from +y+y to −fy-fy.

For f=1/4f=1/4, the signed impulse is

IQ=2m(−14y−y)=−52my.I_Q=2m\left(-\frac14y-y\right)=-\frac52my.

Using y=8u/3y=8u/3, its magnitude is

∣IQ∣=52m(83u).|I_Q|=\frac52m\left(\frac83u\right).

Hence

∣IQ∣=203mu.\boxed{|I_Q|=\frac{20}{3}mu}.