题目
Problem
1.
[In this question, i and j are horizontal perpendicular unit vectors.]
A particle A has mass 2kg and a particle B has mass 3kg. The particles are moving on a smooth horizontal plane when they collide.
Immediately before the collision, the velocity of A is 5jms−1 and the velocity of B is (3i−j)ms−1
Immediately after the collision, the velocity of A is (3i+2j)ms−1
(a) Find the total kinetic energy of the two particles before the collision.
(3)
(b) Find, in terms of i and j, the impulse received by A in the collision.
(2)
Given that, in the collision, the impulse of A on B is equal and opposite to the impulse of B on A,
(c) find the velocity of B immediately after the collision.
(3)
题目中文翻译
[ 本题中,i、j 为沿水平方向且相互垂直的单位向量。 ]
质点 A 的质量为 2kg,质点 B 的质量为 3kg。两质点在光滑水平面上运动并发生碰撞。
碰撞前瞬间,A 的速度为 5jms−1,B 的速度为 (3i−j)ms−1。
碰撞后瞬间,A 的速度为 (3i+2j)ms−1。
(a) 求碰撞前两质点的总动能。
(3)
(b) 用 i 和 j 表示 A 在碰撞中受到的冲量。
(2)
已知碰撞中,A 对 B 的冲量与 B 对 A 的冲量大小相等、方向相反,
(c) 求碰撞后瞬间 B 的速度。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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动能是标量,使用速度向量的模平方。两粒子的动能要相加,不能直接把速度分量相加后再平方。
答题过程
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Before collision, the speed squared of A is 52=25 and that of B is 32+(−1)2=10.
The total kinetic energy is
K=21(2)(25)+21(3)(10)=25+15.
Hence
K=40 J.
(b)
解法一
思路
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求 A 所受冲量,使用 A 的质量乘以末速度减初速度,保留向量形式与方向。
答题过程
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The impulse received by A equals its change in momentum:
IA=2[(3i+2j)−5j].
Therefore
IA=(6i−6j) N s.
(c)
解法一
思路
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承接上一问,B 所受冲量是 A 所受冲量的相反向量。再由 B 的冲量—动量关系求末速度,不能沿用 A 的质量。
答题过程
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The impulse received by B is equal and opposite to that received by A:
IB=−IA=−6i+6j.
Let its final velocity be vB. Then
3[vB−(3i−j)]=−6i+6j.
Dividing by 3 and rearranging,
vB=(3i−j)+(−2i+2j).
Hence
vB=(i+j) m s−1.