题目
Problem
4.
A rough plane is inclined to the horizontal at an angle α, where tanα=43
A particle P of mass m is held at rest at a point A on the plane.
The particle is then projected with speed u up a line of greatest slope of the plane and comes to instantaneous rest at the point B.
The coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane is 71
(a) Show that the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the particle, as it moves from A to B, is 354mg
(2)
Given that u=10ag, use the work-energy principle
(b) to find AB in terms of a,
(4)
(c) to find, in terms of a and g, the speed of P when it returns to A.
(4)
题目中文翻译
一个粗糙平面与水平面成 α 角,其中 tanα=43。
质量为 m 的质点 P 被保持静止在平面上的 A 点。
随后将质点以速率 u 沿平面的一条最大坡度线向上发射,质点在 B 点瞬时静止。
质点与平面之间的摩擦系数为 71。
(a) 证明质点从 A 运动至 B 时所受摩擦力的大小为 354mg。
(2)
已知 u=10ag,利用功—能原理,
(b) 用 a 表示 AB;
(4)
(c) 用 a 和 g 表示 P 返回 A 时的速率。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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由斜率三角形求出正弦和余弦。支持力为重力垂直斜面的分量,再用摩擦系数求摩擦力,证明题要写出正确的三角比。
答题过程
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Since tanα=3/4 and α is acute,
sinα=53,cosα=54.
Resolving perpendicular to the plane,
R=mgcosα=54mg.
The frictional force opposes the upward motion and has magnitude
F=μR=71(54mg).
Therefore
F=354mg.
(b)
解法一
思路
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按题目要求用功—能。上滑至停止时,初动能全部转化为势能增加和克服摩擦的功。
答题过程
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Let AB=d. At B the speed is zero. By work-energy,
21mu2=mgdsinα+Fd.
Using u2=10ag and the result of (a),
21m(10ag)=mgd(53)+354mgd.
Thus
5mag=mgd(3521+354)=75mgd.
Cancelling mg>0 gives
5a=75d,
so
AB=d=7a.
(c)
解法一
思路
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重力沿坡分量大于摩擦,所以能从 B 滑回。下滑时势能损失一部分被摩擦消耗,剩余变成动能;仍严格使用功—能。
答题过程
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The downslope component 3mg/5 exceeds the friction magnitude 4mg/35, so the particle slides back from B.
Let its speed on returning to A be V. By work-energy for B to A,
21mV2=mg(7a)sinα−F(7a).
Substituting,
21mV2=mg(7a)53−354mg(7a).
Hence
21mV2=(521−54)mag=517mag.
Therefore
V=534ag.
解法二
思路
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也可研究整个往返过程。起终点高度相同,势能总变化为零,动能损失等于摩擦力乘以总路程 14a。
答题过程
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Over the complete journey A→B→A, the gravitational potential energy returns to its initial value. The total distance against friction is 14a.
By work-energy,
21mu2−21mV2=F(14a).
Therefore
21m(10ag)−21mV2=354mg(14a)=58mag.
Thus
21mV2=5mag−58mag=517mag,
so
V=534ag.