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M2 2024 June Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2024 June Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

[In this question, the unit vectors i\mathbf{i} and j\mathbf{j} are in a vertical plane, i\mathbf{i} being horizontal and j\mathbf{j} being vertically upwards.]

A golf ball is hit from a point OO on horizontal ground and is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity. The initial velocity of the ball is (2ui+uj) m s−1(2u\mathbf{i}+u\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} The ball first hits the horizontal ground at a point which is 80 m80\,\mathrm{m} from OO, as shown in Figure 3.

Use the model to

(a) show that u=14u=14

(6)

(b) find the total time, while the ball is in the air, for which the speed of the ball is greater than 717 m s−17\sqrt{17}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}

(5)
题目中文翻译

[ 本题中,单位向量 i\mathbf{i}、j\mathbf{j} 位于同一竖直平面内,其中 i\mathbf{i} 沿水平方向,j\mathbf{j} 竖直向上。 ]

一个高尔夫球从水平地面上的 OO 点被击出,将球视为仅受重力作用而自由运动的质点。球的初速度为 (2ui+uj) m s−1(2u\mathbf{i}+u\mathbf{j})\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。 如图 3 所示,球第一次落于水平地面的位置距 OO 为 80 m80\,\mathrm{m}。

利用此模型,

(a) 证明 u=14u=14;

(6)

(b) 求球在空中运动时速率大于 717 m s−17\sqrt{17}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 的总时间。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

水平初速度是 2u2u,竖直初速度是 uu。分别列水平射程与竖直回到地面的关系,再消去飞行时间;不能因最后同得 1414 而误换两分量。

答题过程

展开

Let the total flight time be tf>0t_f>0. Horizontally,

2utf=80.2ut_f=80.

Vertically, the displacement on landing is zero:

0=utf−12gtf2.0=ut_f-\frac12gt_f^2.

Since tf>0t_f>0,

tf=2ug.t_f=\frac{2u}{g}.

Substituting into the horizontal equation,

2u(2ug)=80,2u\left(\frac{2u}{g}\right)=80, u2=20g.u^2=20g.

With g=9.8g=9.8, u2=196u^2=196. Taking the positive value,

u=14.\boxed{u=14}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

水平速度恒为 2828,先把总速率条件化成竖直速度绝对值大于 77。所求是起飞后及落地前的两段时间之和,不是经过最高点的中间一段。

答题过程

展开

Using (a),

v=28i+(14−gt)j.\mathbf v=28\mathbf i+(14-gt)\mathbf j.

The speed exceeds 7177\sqrt{17} when

282+(14−gt)2>(717)2.28^2+(14-gt)^2>(7\sqrt{17})^2.

Thus

(14−gt)2>833−784=49,(14-gt)^2>833-784=49,

so

14−gt>7or14−gt<−7.14-gt>7\quad\text{or}\quad14-gt<-7.

The corresponding intervals, within the flight, are

0≤t<7gand21g<t≤28g.0\le t<\frac7g\quad\text{and}\quad\frac{21}{g}<t\le\frac{28}{g}.

(The endpoint conventions at take-off and landing do not change their durations.)

The total required time is

T=7g+(28g−21g)=14g.T=\frac7g+\left(\frac{28}{g}-\frac{21}{g}\right)=\frac{14}{g}.

Therefore

T=1.43 s.\boxed{T=1.43\text{ s}}.

解法二

思路

展开

用机械能先把速率阈值转换成高度阈值,再找穿越该高度的两个时刻。速率大于阈值对应较低处,仍需取两段外侧时间。

答题过程

展开

The initial speed squared is 282+142=98028^2+14^2=980. By conservation of mechanical energy at height hh,

12m(980)=12mv2+mgh.\frac12m(980)=\frac12mv^2+mgh.

At the threshold v=717v=7\sqrt{17},

gh=12(980−833)=1472.gh=\frac12(980-833)=\frac{147}{2}.

Thus the threshold height is h=7.5h=7.5 m. Since v2=980−2ghv^2=980-2gh, the required speed is greater than the threshold exactly when h<7.5h<7.5 m.

The times at height 7.5 m satisfy

7.5=14t−4.9t2,7.5=14t-4.9t^2, 49t2−140t+75=0,49t^2-140t+75=0, (7t−5)(7t−15)=0.(7t-5)(7t-15)=0.

Hence t1=5/7t_1=5/7 s and t2=15/7t_2=15/7 s. The total flight time is 28/g=20/728/g=20/7 s.

The required total duration is

T=t1+(207−t2)=57+(207−157).T=t_1+\left(\frac{20}{7}-t_2\right)=\frac57+\left(\frac{20}{7}-\frac{15}{7}\right).

Therefore

T=1.43 s.\boxed{T=1.43\text{ s}}.