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M2 2025 Jan Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2025 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

A particle PP has mass mm and a particle QQ has mass kmkm, where kk is a constant. The particles are moving in opposite directions along the same straight line on a smooth horizontal surface. Particle PP collides directly with QQ.

Immediately before the collision, the speed of PP is 6u6u and the speed of QQ is uu. Immediately after the collision, the speed of PP is 2v2v and the speed of QQ is 3v3v.

As a result of the collision

  • the direction of motion of PP is unchanged
  • the direction of motion of QQ is reversed

The coefficient of restitution between PP and QQ is 13\frac13

(a) Find vv in terms of uu only.

(3)

(b) Find the value of kk.

(3)

After the collision, QQ hits a smooth fixed vertical wall that is perpendicular to the direction of motion of QQ. Particle QQ rebounds and there is a second collision between PP and QQ.

The first collision between PP and QQ takes place at a distance dd from the wall.

The second collision between PP and QQ takes place at a distance 17d\frac17d from the wall. The coefficient of restitution between QQ and the wall is ff

(c) Find the value of ff

(5)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP 的质量为 mm,质点 QQ 的质量为 kmkm,其中 kk 为常数。 两质点在光滑水平面上沿同一直线反向运动。 质点 PP 与 QQ 发生正碰。

碰撞前瞬间,PP 的速率为 6u6u,QQ 的速率为 uu。 碰撞后瞬间,PP 的速率为 2v2v,QQ 的速率为 3v3v。

碰撞的结果为:

  • PP 的运动方向不变;
  • QQ 的运动方向反转。

PP 与 QQ 之间的恢复系数为 13\frac13。

(a) 仅用 uu 表示 vv。

(3)

(b) 求 kk 的值。

(3)

碰撞后,QQ 撞上垂直于其运动方向的光滑固定竖直墙。 质点 QQ 反弹,随后 PP、QQ 发生第二次碰撞。

PP、QQ 第一次碰撞的位置距墙 dd。

PP、QQ 第二次碰撞的位置距墙 17d\frac17d。 QQ 与墙之间的恢复系数为 ff。

(c) 求 ff 的值。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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碰前相向,接近速率为 7u7u;碰后同向,分离速率为 3v−2v3v-2v。恢复系数不能把这两项颠倒。

答题过程

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The approach speed is 6u+u=7u6u+u=7u. The separation speed is 3v−2v=v3v-2v=v.

Newton’s law of restitution gives

v7u=13.\frac{v}{7u}=\frac13.

Hence

v=73u.\boxed{v=\frac73u}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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动量守恒使用有符号速度:碰前 QQ 为负,碰后两者为正。代入上一问的 vv 后解质量比。

答题过程

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Take the initial direction of PP as positive. Conservation of momentum gives

m(6u)+km(−u)=m(2v)+km(3v).m(6u)+km(-u)=m(2v)+km(3v).

Dividing by mumu and using v/u=7/3v/u=7/3,

6−k=143+7k.6-k=\frac{14}{3}+7k.

Thus

43=8k,\frac43=8k,

and hence

k=16.\boxed{k=\frac16}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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以两次粒子碰撞之间的总时间比较。PP 向墙行进 6d/76d/7;QQ 先到墙走 dd,再反弹走 d/7d/7。两阶段速度不同,必须分别计算时间。

答题过程

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After the first collision the speeds are 2v2v for PP and 3v3v for QQ. After rebounding from the wall, QQ has speed 3fv3fv.

The second collision is d/7d/7 from the wall, so PP travels d−d/7=6d/7d-d/7=6d/7. Its time between collisions is

tP=6d/72v=3d7v.t_P=\frac{6d/7}{2v}=\frac{3d}{7v}.

For QQ, the time is the sum of its journey to the wall and its rebound journey:

tQ=d3v+d/73fv=d3v+d21fv.t_Q=\frac{d}{3v}+\frac{d/7}{3fv}=\frac{d}{3v}+\frac{d}{21fv}.

Equating the times and cancelling d/vd/v,

37=13+121f.\frac37=\frac13+\frac1{21f}.

Thus

221=121f,\frac2{21}=\frac1{21f},

so

f=12.\boxed{f=\frac12}.

解法二

思路

展开

也可从 QQ 撞墙的瞬间重新计时。先求此时 PP 的位置,再算两者到第二次碰撞点的路程,比较剩余时间。

答题过程

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The time taken by QQ to reach the wall is

t1=d3v.t_1=\frac{d}{3v}.

In this time PP travels

2vt1=23d,2vt_1=\frac23d,

so it is still d/3d/3 from the wall.

From then until the second collision, PP travels

d3−d7=4d21,\frac d3-\frac d7=\frac{4d}{21},

while QQ rebounds through distance d/7d/7.

Their times for these remaining journeys are equal:

4d/212v=d/73fv.\frac{4d/21}{2v}=\frac{d/7}{3fv}.

Therefore

2d21v=d21fv,\frac{2d}{21v}=\frac{d}{21fv},

and hence

f=12.\boxed{f=\frac12}.