题目
8.
A particle has mass and a particle has mass , where is a constant. The particles are moving in opposite directions along the same straight line on a smooth horizontal surface. Particle collides directly with .
Immediately before the collision, the speed of is and the speed of is . Immediately after the collision, the speed of is and the speed of is .
As a result of the collision
- the direction of motion of is unchanged
- the direction of motion of is reversed
The coefficient of restitution between and is
(a) Find in terms of only.
(b) Find the value of .
After the collision, hits a smooth fixed vertical wall that is perpendicular to the direction of motion of . Particle rebounds and there is a second collision between and .
The first collision between and takes place at a distance from the wall.
The second collision between and takes place at a distance from the wall. The coefficient of restitution between and the wall is
(c) Find the value of
题目中文翻译
质点 的质量为 ,质点 的质量为 ,其中 为常数。 两质点在光滑水平面上沿同一直线反向运动。 质点 与 发生正碰。
碰撞前瞬间, 的速率为 , 的速率为 。 碰撞后瞬间, 的速率为 , 的速率为 。
碰撞的结果为:
- 的运动方向不变;
- 的运动方向反转。
与 之间的恢复系数为 。
(a) 仅用 表示 。
(b) 求 的值。
碰撞后, 撞上垂直于其运动方向的光滑固定竖直墙。 质点 反弹,随后 、 发生第二次碰撞。
、 第一次碰撞的位置距墙 。
、 第二次碰撞的位置距墙 。 与墙之间的恢复系数为 。
(c) 求 的值。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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碰前相向,接近速率为 ;碰后同向,分离速率为 。恢复系数不能把这两项颠倒。
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The approach speed is . The separation speed is .
Newton’s law of restitution gives
Hence
(b)
解法一
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动量守恒使用有符号速度:碰前 为负,碰后两者为正。代入上一问的 后解质量比。
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Take the initial direction of as positive. Conservation of momentum gives
Dividing by and using ,
Thus
and hence
(c)
解法一
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以两次粒子碰撞之间的总时间比较。 向墙行进 ; 先到墙走 ,再反弹走 。两阶段速度不同,必须分别计算时间。
答题过程
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After the first collision the speeds are for and for . After rebounding from the wall, has speed .
The second collision is from the wall, so travels . Its time between collisions is
For , the time is the sum of its journey to the wall and its rebound journey:
Equating the times and cancelling ,
Thus
so
解法二
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也可从 撞墙的瞬间重新计时。先求此时 的位置,再算两者到第二次碰撞点的路程,比较剩余时间。
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The time taken by to reach the wall is
In this time travels
so it is still from the wall.
From then until the second collision, travels
while rebounds through distance .
Their times for these remaining journeys are equal:
Therefore
and hence