题目
4.
The combined mass of a cyclist and her cycle is .
The cyclist travels on a straight horizontal road with constant acceleration
The resistance to the motion is modelled as a constant force of magnitude .
(a) Using this model, find the rate at which the cyclist is working, at the instant when her speed is
The cyclist travels in a straight line down a hill from a point to a point , where
- at the instant she passes , her speed is and she stops pedalling
- at the instant she passes , her speed is
- the resistance to the motion is modelled as a constant force of magnitude
(b) Use this model with the work-energy principle to find the change in vertical height from to .
The cyclist travels up a hill from a point to a point , where .
- she travels from to with constant speed,
- she travels in a straight line at to the horizontal
- the resistance to the motion from non-gravitational forces is modelled as a constant force of magnitude
(c) Use this model to find the total work done by the cyclist as she moves from to .
题目中文翻译
骑车人与自行车的总质量为 。
骑车人沿水平直路行驶,加速度恒为 。
将运动阻力视为大小为 的恒力。
(a) 利用此模型,求她的速率为 的瞬间的做功功率。
骑车人沿直线从 点下坡至 点,其中 。
- 她经过 的瞬间的速率为 ,并停止踩踏;
- 她经过 的瞬间的速率为 ;
- 将运动阻力视为大小为 的恒力。
(b) 利用此模型及功—能原理,求从 到 的竖直高度变化。
骑车人从 点上坡至 点,其中 。
- 她从 到 以恒定速率 行驶;
- 她沿与水平面成 角的直线行驶;
- 将非重力运动阻力视为大小为 的恒力。
(c) 利用此模型,求骑车人从 到 所做的总功。
解答
(a)
解法一
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加速时驱动力要同时克服阻力并提供合力。求出瞬时驱动力后用功率等于力乘速度。
答题过程
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Let the driving force be N. Newton’s second law along the horizontal road gives
At speed the rate of working is
(b)
解法一
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停止踩踏后没有驱动功。重力做正功,阻力做负功,两者之和等于动能增加;注意 250 米是坡长。
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Let m be the vertical drop from to . By the work–energy principle,
Hence
The vertical height therefore .
(c)
解法一
思路
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上坡匀速,动能不变。人所做的功用于增加重力势能及克服非重力阻力。
答题过程
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The vertical rise is m. Since the speed is constant, the work done by the cyclist is
Thus