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M2 2025 June A Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2025 June A Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

Three particles, PP, QQ and RR, lie at rest on a smooth horizontal surface.

The particles are in a straight line with QQ between PP and RR, as shown in Figure 3.

The mass of PP is 2m2m, the mass of QQ is 3m3m and the mass of RR is 5m5m.

The coefficient of restitution between each pair of particles is ee.

Particle PP is projected with speed 2u2u towards QQ and they collide.

(a) Show that the speed of QQ immediately after the collision is

4u5(e+1)\frac{4u}{5}(e+1)
(5)

In the collision, the direction of motion of PP is reversed.

(b) Find the full range of possible values of ee.

(3)

In the collision, the magnitude of the impulse exerted on QQ by PP is 10825mu\frac{108}{25}mu

(c) Show that e=45e=\frac45

(3)

(d) Determine, with clear reasoning, whether there will be a second collision between PP and QQ.

(6)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP、QQ、RR 均静止在光滑水平面上。

如图 3 所示,三个质点共线,QQ 位于 PP 与 RR 之间。

PP 的质量为 2m2m,QQ 的质量为 3m3m,RR 的质量为 5m5m。

每对质点之间的恢复系数均为 ee。

将质点 PP 以速率 2u2u 向 QQ 发射,两者发生碰撞。

(a) 证明碰撞后瞬间 QQ 的速率为

4u5(e+1)\frac{4u}{5}(e+1)
(5)

碰撞使 PP 的运动方向反转。

(b) 求 ee 的完整可能取值范围。

(3)

碰撞中 PP 对 QQ 施加的冲量大小为 10825mu\frac{108}{25}mu。

(c) 证明 e=45e=\frac45。

(3)

(d) 判断 PP、QQ 是否会发生第二次碰撞,并给出清楚的推理。

(6)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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用 P 最初运动方向为正,设第一次碰后两粒子的有符号速度。动量守恒与恢复定律联立,避免先假设 P 的方向。

答题过程

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Take the initial direction of PP as positive. Let its velocity after the first collision be VV, and let the velocity of QQ be ww. Conservation of momentum gives

2m(2u)=2mV+3mw,4u=2V+3w.2m(2u)=2mV+3mw,\qquad 4u=2V+3w.

Newton’s law of restitution gives

w−V=2eu,V=w−2eu.w-V=2eu,\qquad V=w-2eu.

Substituting,

4u=2(w−2eu)+3w,w=4u5(e+1).4u=2(w-2eu)+3w,\qquad \boxed{w=\frac{4u}{5}(e+1)}.

This is positive, so it is also the speed of QQ.

(b)

解法一

思路

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反向运动要求 P 的有符号速度严格小于零,而不是小于等于零;再与恢复系数的物理范围取交集。

答题过程

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From part (a),

V=w−2eu=4u(1+e)5−2eu=2u(2−3e)5.V=w-2eu=\frac{4u(1+e)}5-2eu=\frac{2u(2-3e)}5.

For the direction of PP to be reversed, V<0V<0, so e>2/3e>2/3. Also 0≤e≤10\leq e\leq1 for a coefficient of restitution. Therefore

23<e≤1.\boxed{\frac23<e\leq1}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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Q 初始静止,第一次所受冲量等于其末动量。代入 a 的结果求恢复系数。

答题过程

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The impulse on QQ is in its direction of motion. Since QQ is initially at rest,

3mw=10825mu,w=3625u.3mw=\frac{108}{25}mu,\qquad w=\frac{36}{25}u.

Using part (a),

4u5(1+e)=36u25,1+e=95,\frac{4u}{5}(1+e)=\frac{36u}{25},\qquad 1+e=\frac95, e=45.\boxed{e=\frac45}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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先算 Q 与 R 碰后 Q 的速度,再与仍向左运动的 P 比较。要说明碰撞后的相对位置及追赶方向,不能只比较两个速度大小。

答题过程

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With e=4/5e=4/5, after the first collision,

V=2u5(2−125)=−425u,w=3625u.V=\frac{2u}{5}\left(2-\frac{12}{5}\right)=-\frac4{25}u,\qquad w=\frac{36}{25}u.

Thus PP moves left while QQ moves right and collides with the initially stationary RR. Let the signed velocities of QQ and RR after their collision be qq and rr, with right positive. Conservation of momentum gives

3m(36u25)=3mq+5mr,3q+5r=108u25.3m\left(\frac{36u}{25}\right)=3mq+5mr,\qquad 3q+5r=\frac{108u}{25}.

Restitution gives

r−q=45(36u25)=144u125.r-q=\frac45\left(\frac{36u}{25}\right)=\frac{144u}{125}.

Eliminating rr,

8q+720u125=108u25,q=−950u.8q+\frac{720u}{125}=\frac{108u}{25},\qquad q=-\frac9{50}u.

Also r=243u/250>0r=243u/250>0. After this collision, QQ is to the right of PP, but both move left. Their leftward speeds are

speed of Q=950u,speed of P=425u=850u.\text{speed of }Q=\frac9{50}u,\qquad \text{speed of }P=\frac4{25}u=\frac8{50}u.

Since QQ is behind PP in their direction of motion and is faster by u/50>0u/50>0, it catches PP. Therefore there will be a second collision between P and Q\boxed{\text{there will be a second collision between }P\text{ and }Q}.