题目
Problem
1.
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.
A particle P P P moves along the x x x -axis.
At time t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , P P P is at rest at the origin O O O .
At time t t t seconds, t ⩾ 0 t\geqslant0 t ⩾ 0 , the acceleration of P P P , in the positive x x x direction, is
k ( 3 − t 2 ) m s − 2 k(3-t^2)\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} k ( 3 − t 2 ) m s − 2
where k k k is a positive constant.
Given that when t = 1.5 t=1.5 t = 1.5 , the speed of P P P is 13.5 m s − 1 13.5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 13.5 m s − 1
(a) show that k = 4 k=4 k = 4
(3)
The displacement of P P P from O O O is s s s metres in the positive x x x direction.
(b) Show that
s = 1 3 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 ) s=\frac13t^2(18-t^2) s = 3 1 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 )
(2)
(c) Find the total distance that P P P moves before it returns to O O O .
(4)
题目中文翻译
本题必须展示所有计算步骤。
不接受依赖计算器技术的解法。
质点 P P P 沿 x x x 轴运动。
在 t = 0 t=0 t = 0 时,P P P 静止于原点 O O O 。
在 t t t 秒时,t ⩾ 0 t\geqslant0 t ⩾ 0 ,P P P 沿 x x x 轴正方向的加速度为
k ( 3 − t 2 ) m s − 2 k(3-t^2)\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} k ( 3 − t 2 ) m s − 2
其中 k k k 为正常数。
已知当 t = 1.5 t=1.5 t = 1.5 时,P P P 的速率为 13.5 m s − 1 13.5\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 13.5 m s − 1 ,
(a) 证明 k = 4 k=4 k = 4 。
(3)
P P P 相对于 O O O 沿 x x x 轴正方向的位移为 s s s 米。
(b) 证明
s = 1 3 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 ) s=\frac13t^2(18-t^2) s = 3 1 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 )
(2)
(c) 求 P P P 返回 O O O 之前运动的总路程。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先对加速度积分,并用初始静止确定常数。速率条件代入前要确认此时速度为正;用分数展示手算,不依赖计算器求参数。
答题过程
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Integrating the acceleration,
v = ∫ k ( 3 − t 2 ) d t = k ( 3 t − 1 3 t 3 ) + C . v=\int k(3-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t=k\left(3t-\frac13t^3\right)+C. v = ∫ k ( 3 − t 2 ) d t = k ( 3 t − 3 1 t 3 ) + C .
Since v = 0 v=0 v = 0 at t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , C = 0 C=0 C = 0 .
At t = 3 / 2 t=3/2 t = 3/2 ,
3 t − 1 3 t 3 = 9 2 − 1 3 27 8 = 36 − 9 8 = 27 8 > 0. 3t-\frac13t^3=\frac92-\frac13\frac{27}{8}=\frac{36-9}{8}=\frac{27}{8}>0. 3 t − 3 1 t 3 = 2 9 − 3 1 8 27 = 8 36 − 9 = 8 27 > 0.
As k > 0 k>0 k > 0 , the velocity is positive, so the given speed 13.5 = 27 / 2 13.5=27/2 13.5 = 27/2 is also the velocity. Hence
27 8 k = 27 2 , \frac{27}{8}k=\frac{27}{2}, 8 27 k = 2 27 ,
and therefore
k = 4 . \boxed{k=4}. k = 4 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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位移是速度的积分。继续使用初始位置为原点确定第二个积分常数,再将结果因式分解为题目要求的形式。
答题过程
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Using (a),
v = 12 t − 4 3 t 3 . v=12t-\frac43t^3. v = 12 t − 3 4 t 3 .
Integrating,
s = ∫ ( 12 t − 4 3 t 3 ) d t = 6 t 2 − 1 3 t 4 + D . s=\int\left(12t-\frac43t^3\right)\,\mathrm{d}t=6t^2-\frac13t^4+D. s = ∫ ( 12 t − 3 4 t 3 ) d t = 6 t 2 − 3 1 t 4 + D .
At t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , s = 0 s=0 s = 0 , so D = 0 D=0 D = 0 . Thus
s = 6 t 2 − 1 3 t 4 , s=6t^2-\frac13t^4, s = 6 t 2 − 3 1 t 4 ,
and factorising gives
s = 1 3 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 ) . \boxed{s=\frac13t^2(18-t^2)}. s = 3 1 t 2 ( 18 − t 2 ) .
(c)
解法一
思路
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先由速度为零找转向点,再由位移为零确认首次返回时间。路程是向外到转向点的距离加返回原点的距离,不能用总位移零作答案。
答题过程
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The velocity is
v = 12 t − 4 3 t 3 = 4 3 t ( 9 − t 2 ) . v=12t-\frac43t^3=\frac43t(9-t^2). v = 12 t − 3 4 t 3 = 3 4 t ( 9 − t 2 ) .
For t > 0 t>0 t > 0 , v = 0 v=0 v = 0 gives t = 3 t=3 t = 3 . The velocity is positive before t = 3 t=3 t = 3 and negative afterwards.
The positive return time follows from (b):
s = 0 ⟹ 18 − t 2 = 0 , s=0\quad\Longrightarrow\quad18-t^2=0, s = 0 ⟹ 18 − t 2 = 0 ,
so t = 3 2 > 3 t=3\sqrt2>3 t = 3 2 > 3 . Hence the particle reverses once before its first return.
At the turning point,
s ( 3 ) = 1 3 ( 9 ) ( 18 − 9 ) = 27 m . s(3)=\frac13(9)(18-9)=27\text{ m}. s ( 3 ) = 3 1 ( 9 ) ( 18 − 9 ) = 27 m .
It travels 27 m outwards and 27 m back to O O O , so the total distance is
54 m . \boxed{54\text{ m}}. 54 m .