题目
Problem
5.
A particle P of mass 2m and a particle Q of mass m are at rest on a smooth horizontal plane. Particle P is projected with speed u along the plane towards Q and the particles collide. The coefficient of restitution between the particles is e, where e>0
(a) Show that the speed of Q after the collision is 32(1+e)u
(5)
The total loss of kinetic energy due to the collision is k(1−e2)mu2, where k is a constant.
(b) Find the value of k.
(5)
The magnitude of the impulse of Q on P in the collision is 98mu
(c) Find the value of e.
(2)
After the collision, Q goes on to hit a vertical wall which is fixed at right angles to the direction of motion of Q. The coefficient of restitution between Q and the wall is f.
After Q has hit the wall, Q has the same speed as P.
(d) Find the value of f.
(3)
题目中文翻译
质量为 2m 的质点 P 与质量为 m 的质点 Q,均静止在光滑水平面上。将质点 P 以速率 u 沿平面向 Q 发射,两质点发生碰撞。两质点之间的恢复系数为 e,其中 e>0。
(a) 证明碰撞后 Q 的速率为 32(1+e)u。
(5)
碰撞损失的总动能为 k(1−e2)mu2,其中 k 为常数。
(b) 求 k 的值。
(5)
碰撞中 Q 对 P 的冲量大小为 98mu。
(c) 求 e 的值。
(2)
碰撞后,Q 继续运动并撞上垂直于其运动方向的固定竖直墙。Q 与墙之间的恢复系数为 f。
Q 撞墙后,其速率与 P 相同。
(d) 求 f 的值。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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选 P 初始运动方向为正。联立系统动量守恒和两粒子的分离速率关系,并展示消元步骤,推出给定速度。
答题过程
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Let the velocities after collision be vP and vQ, positive in the initial direction of P.
Conservation of momentum gives
2mu=2mvP+mvQ,
so
2u=2vP+vQ.
Newton’s law of restitution gives
vQ−vP=eu,
so vP=vQ−eu. Substituting,
2u=2(vQ−eu)+vQ=3vQ−2eu.
Hence
3vQ=2(1+e)u.
Since this value is positive, the speed of Q is
vQ=32(1+e)u.
(b)
解法一
思路
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先求 P 的末速度,写两粒子的末动能并完整展开。总动能损失才能与题目给出的系数形式比较,不能只列最后结果。
答题过程
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From restitution and (a),
vP=vQ−eu=32(1+e)u−eu=3(2−e)u.
The kinetic energy after collision is
K1=21(2m)[3(2−e)u]2+21m[32(1+e)u]2.
Therefore
K1=9mu2[(2−e)2+2(1+e)2].
Expanding the bracket,
(2−e)2+2(1+e)2=(4−4e+e2)+(2+4e+2e2)=6+3e2.
Thus
K1=32+e2mu2.
The initial kinetic energy is K0=21(2m)u2=mu2. Hence the loss is
K0−K1=(1−32+e2)mu2=31(1−e2)mu2.
Comparing with the given form gives
k=31.
(c)
解法一
思路
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题目给的是 Q 对 P 的冲量大小。用作用反作用取 P 对 Q 的等大冲量,因 Q 初始静止,可直接等于其末动量。
答题过程
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The impulse on Q has the same magnitude as that on P. Since Q was initially at rest,
98mu=m(vQ−0).
Using (a),
98mu=m32(1+e)u.
Cancelling mu>0,
98=32(1+e),
so
1+e=34.
Hence
e=31.
(d)
解法一
思路
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代入已求的恢复系数,先算两粒子第一次碰撞后的速率。墙反弹后 Q 反向,但题目只要求速率相等,所以比较大小而不是有符号速度。
答题过程
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With e=1/3,
vP=3(2−1/3)u=95u,
vQ=32(1+1/3)u=98u.
After its impact with the fixed wall, the speed of Q is fvQ. The required equal speeds give
f(98u)=95u.
Therefore
f=85.