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M2 2025 June Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M2

IAL 2025 June Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A particle PP of mass 2m2m and a particle QQ of mass mm are at rest on a smooth horizontal plane. Particle PP is projected with speed uu along the plane towards QQ and the particles collide. The coefficient of restitution between the particles is ee, where e>0e>0

(a) Show that the speed of QQ after the collision is 2(1+e)u3\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}

(5)

The total loss of kinetic energy due to the collision is k(1−e2)mu2k(1-e^2)mu^2, where kk is a constant.

(b) Find the value of kk.

(5)

The magnitude of the impulse of QQ on PP in the collision is 8mu9\frac{8mu}{9}

(c) Find the value of ee.

(2)

After the collision, QQ goes on to hit a vertical wall which is fixed at right angles to the direction of motion of QQ. The coefficient of restitution between QQ and the wall is ff.

After QQ has hit the wall, QQ has the same speed as PP.

(d) Find the value of ff.

(3)
题目中文翻译

质量为 2m2m 的质点 PP 与质量为 mm 的质点 QQ,均静止在光滑水平面上。将质点 PP 以速率 uu 沿平面向 QQ 发射,两质点发生碰撞。两质点之间的恢复系数为 ee,其中 e>0e>0。

(a) 证明碰撞后 QQ 的速率为 2(1+e)u3\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}。

(5)

碰撞损失的总动能为 k(1−e2)mu2k(1-e^2)mu^2,其中 kk 为常数。

(b) 求 kk 的值。

(5)

碰撞中 QQ 对 PP 的冲量大小为 8mu9\frac{8mu}{9}。

(c) 求 ee 的值。

(2)

碰撞后,QQ 继续运动并撞上垂直于其运动方向的固定竖直墙。QQ 与墙之间的恢复系数为 ff。

QQ 撞墙后,其速率与 PP 相同。

(d) 求 ff 的值。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

选 PP 初始运动方向为正。联立系统动量守恒和两粒子的分离速率关系,并展示消元步骤,推出给定速度。

答题过程

展开

Let the velocities after collision be vPv_P and vQv_Q, positive in the initial direction of PP.

Conservation of momentum gives

2mu=2mvP+mvQ,2mu=2mv_P+mv_Q,

so

2u=2vP+vQ.2u=2v_P+v_Q.

Newton’s law of restitution gives

vQ−vP=eu,v_Q-v_P=eu,

so vP=vQ−euv_P=v_Q-eu. Substituting,

2u=2(vQ−eu)+vQ=3vQ−2eu.2u=2(v_Q-eu)+v_Q=3v_Q-2eu.

Hence

3vQ=2(1+e)u.3v_Q=2(1+e)u.

Since this value is positive, the speed of QQ is

vQ=2(1+e)u3.\boxed{v_Q=\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先求 PP 的末速度,写两粒子的末动能并完整展开。总动能损失才能与题目给出的系数形式比较,不能只列最后结果。

答题过程

展开

From restitution and (a),

vP=vQ−eu=2(1+e)u3−eu=(2−e)u3.v_P=v_Q-eu=\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}-eu=\frac{(2-e)u}{3}.

The kinetic energy after collision is

K1=12(2m)[(2−e)u3]2+12m[2(1+e)u3]2.K_1=\frac12(2m)\left[\frac{(2-e)u}{3}\right]^2+\frac12m\left[\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}\right]^2.

Therefore

K1=mu29[(2−e)2+2(1+e)2].K_1=\frac{mu^2}{9}\bigl[(2-e)^2+2(1+e)^2\bigr].

Expanding the bracket,

(2−e)2+2(1+e)2=(4−4e+e2)+(2+4e+2e2)=6+3e2.(2-e)^2+2(1+e)^2=(4-4e+e^2)+(2+4e+2e^2)=6+3e^2.

Thus

K1=2+e23mu2.K_1=\frac{2+e^2}{3}mu^2.

The initial kinetic energy is K0=12(2m)u2=mu2K_0=\tfrac12(2m)u^2=mu^2. Hence the loss is

K0−K1=(1−2+e23)mu2=13(1−e2)mu2.K_0-K_1=\left(1-\frac{2+e^2}{3}\right)mu^2=\frac13(1-e^2)mu^2.

Comparing with the given form gives

k=13.\boxed{k=\frac13}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

题目给的是 QQ 对 PP 的冲量大小。用作用反作用取 PP 对 QQ 的等大冲量,因 QQ 初始静止,可直接等于其末动量。

答题过程

展开

The impulse on QQ has the same magnitude as that on PP. Since QQ was initially at rest,

89mu=m(vQ−0).\frac89mu=m(v_Q-0).

Using (a),

89mu=m2(1+e)u3.\frac89mu=m\frac{2(1+e)u}{3}.

Cancelling mu>0mu>0,

89=23(1+e),\frac89=\frac23(1+e),

so

1+e=43.1+e=\frac43.

Hence

e=13.\boxed{e=\frac13}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

代入已求的恢复系数,先算两粒子第一次碰撞后的速率。墙反弹后 QQ 反向,但题目只要求速率相等,所以比较大小而不是有符号速度。

答题过程

展开

With e=1/3e=1/3,

vP=(2−1/3)u3=59u,v_P=\frac{(2-1/3)u}{3}=\frac59u, vQ=2(1+1/3)u3=89u.v_Q=\frac{2(1+1/3)u}{3}=\frac89u.

After its impact with the fixed wall, the speed of QQ is fvQfv_Q. The required equal speeds give

f(89u)=59u.f\left(\frac89u\right)=\frac59u.

Therefore

f=58.\boxed{f=\frac58}.