题目
7.
A small stone is projected from a point on horizontal ground.
The stone is projected with speed at an angle to the ground.
When the stone is above the ground
- the vertical velocity component of the stone has magnitude
- the horizontal velocity component of the stone has magnitude
In a model of the motion
- the stone is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity
- the acceleration due to gravity is modelled as being
Using the model and the principle of conservation of mechanical energy,
(a) show that
Figure 3 shows a plane fixed to the ground at an angle of
The stone hits this plane at the point .
The direction of the motion of the stone is perpendicular to the plane at the instant the stone hits .
Using the model,
(b) find the height of above the ground, giving your answer to 2 significant figures.
题目中文翻译
从水平地面上的 点抛出一颗小石子。
石子以速率 、与地面成 角抛出。
当石子离地面 时:
- 石子的竖直速度分量大小为 ;
- 石子的水平速度分量大小为 。
在此运动模型中:
- 将石子视为仅受重力作用而自由运动的质点;
- 将重力加速度取为 。
利用此模型及机械能守恒原理,
(a) 证明 。
图 3 所示的平面固定于地面上,与地面成 角。
石子在 点撞上此平面。
石子撞上 的瞬间,其运动方向垂直于该平面。
利用此模型,
(b) 求 离地面的高度,答案保留 2 位有效数字。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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本题明确取 ,并指定机械能方法。高度 时总速率平方为两个分量平方之和 ,不能只用竖直分量。
答题过程
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Use m s as specified. Let the mass of the stone be .
At height 11 m, its speed squared is
Conservation of mechanical energy between and this point gives
Cancelling and multiplying by 2,
Thus
Since is a magnitude,
(b)
解法一
思路
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水平速度恒为 。撞击时速度垂直于 斜面,即向下与水平成 ,先求总速率,再用能量求高度。最后必须按题目保留两位有效数字。
答题过程
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From (a), the horizontal velocity remains m s.
At , the velocity is perpendicular to the plane, so it is directed below the horizontal. If the speed there is ,
Hence
Let the height of be . Conservation of mechanical energy gives
Using ,
so m. To 2 significant figures,
解法二
思路
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也可用撞击时的竖直速度及竖直运动方程。由初速与水平分量求初竖直速度,撞击时取负的竖直分量以说明下降方向。
答题过程
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The horizontal component is 12 m s, so the initial upward vertical component is
At impact, perpendicularity to the plane gives a velocity direction below the horizontal. Thus
Using vertical motion from ground level,
With ,
Hence m, and to 2 significant figures,