题目
Problem
7.
A particle P is projected from a fixed point A with speed 12ms−1 at an angle α above the horizontal and moves freely under gravity.
As P passes through the point B on its path, P is moving with speed 8ms−1 at an angle β below the horizontal.
(a) By using the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy, find the vertical distance between A and B.
(4)
Particle P takes 1.5 seconds to travel from A to B.
(b) Find the size of angle α.
(3)
(c) Find the size of angle β.
(3)
(d) Find the length of time for which the speed of P is less than 8ms−1.
(4)
题目中文翻译
质点 P 从固定点 A 以速率 12ms−1、与水平面向上成 α 角抛出,仅在重力作用下自由运动。
当 P 经过轨迹上的 B 点时,P 以速率 8ms−1、与水平面向下成 β 角运动。
(a) 利用机械能守恒原理,求 A、B 之间的竖直距离。
(4)
质点 P 从 A 到 B 用时 1.5 秒。
(b) 求角 α 的大小。
(3)
(c) 求角 β 的大小。
(3)
(d) 求 P 的速率小于 8ms−1 的持续时间。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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按要求使用机械能守恒。速度减小表示势能增加,因此 B 比 A 高。保留未舍入高度供后面计算。
答题过程
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Let the mass be m and the height of B above A be h. Conservation of mechanical energy gives
21m(12)2=21m(8)2+mgh.
Thus
h=2g144−64=g40=4.08 m(3 s.f.),
with B above A. The value h=40/g will be retained in subsequent calculations.
(b)
解法一
思路
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用 1.5 秒内的竖直位移建立方程。这里 α 是向上与水平的锐角,选对应的反正弦值。
答题过程
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Taking upwards as positive, over the 1.5 s from A to B,
g40=12sinα(1.5)−21g(1.5)2.
Hence
sinα=1840/g+1.125g=0.839257….
Since the projection is above the horizontal,
α=57.1∘(3 s.f.).
(c)
解法一
思路
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水平速度不变,B 点竖直速度向下。保留角度未舍入值,求向下与水平的正夹角。
答题过程
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At B,
vx=12cosα,vy=12sinα−1.5g=−4.628911… m s−1.
Since β is the angle below the horizontal,
tanβ=vx∣vy∣=12cosα1.5g−12sinα.
Using the unrounded value of α,
β=35.4∘(3 s.f.).
(d)
解法一
思路
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水平速度固定,速率在最高点最小。速率等于 8 的两个时刻关于最高点对称,B 是下降时的边界;求两个边界之间的时间长度。
答题过程
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The time to maximum height is
t0=g12sinα=1.027662… s.
The horizontal velocity is constant, and the vertical velocity is g(t0−t). Therefore the speed is symmetric about t=t0 and is smallest there.
The descending boundary at which the speed is 8 m s−1 is t=1.5. The ascending boundary is consequently t=2t0−1.5.
Thus the duration for which the speed is less than 8 m s−1 is
Δt=1.5−(2t0−1.5)=3−2t0=0.945 s(3 s.f.).
解法二
思路
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也可直接把速率小于 8 写成竖直速度的范围,求出两个时间端点。这能避免把飞行总时间误作所求时间。
答题过程
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Let uy=12sinα and ux=12cosα. Then
v2=ux2+(uy−gt)2.
At B, v=8 and the downward vertical speed has magnitude
q=1.5g−uy>0.
Thus 82−ux2=q2, and the condition v<8 becomes
∣uy−gt∣<q.
Therefore
guy−q<t<guy+q,
and the duration is
Δt=g2q=g2(1.5g−12sinα)=0.945 s.