题目
4.
In this question you may assume, without proof, that the distance of the centre of mass of a uniform semicircular lamina of radius from its diameter is
The uniform lamina is a rectangle with and .
The uniform lamina is a semicircle with diameter .
The points and lie on with .
The uniform lamina is a semicircle with diameter .
The mass per unit area of the lamina is equal to the mass per unit area of the lamina .
The uniform template , shown shaded in Figure 2, is formed by joining the lamina to the lamina and removing the lamina .
The distance of the centre of mass of the template from is .
(a) Show that
The template is free to rotate in a vertical plane about a smooth horizontal axis through and hangs freely in equilibrium with at an angle to the downward vertical.
(b) Find the value of .
The weight of the template is . A particle of weight is attached to the template at .
The template is again free to rotate in a vertical plane about a smooth horizontal axis through . The template is held in equilibrium, with vertical, by a horizontal force of magnitude which is applied to the template at and acts towards .
(c) Find the value of .
题目中文翻译
本题可直接假设:半径为 的均匀半圆形薄片的质心到其直径的距离为 ,无须证明。
均匀薄片 是矩形,,。
均匀薄片 是半圆,直径 。
点 、 位于 上,且 。
均匀薄片 是半圆,直径 。
薄片 的单位面积质量与薄片 的单位面积质量相同。
将薄片 与薄片 连接,再挖去薄片 ,形成图 2 阴影所示的均匀模板 。
模板质心到 的距离为 。
(a) 证明 。
模板可绕过 的光滑水平轴在竖直平面内自由转动,自由悬挂平衡时, 与竖直向下方向成 角。
(b) 求 的值。
模板的重量为 。一个重为 的质点连接于模板的 点。
模板再次可绕过 的光滑水平轴在竖直平面内自由转动。在 点对模板施加大小为 、指向 的水平力,使模板平衡,且 竖直。
(c) 求 的值。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
以 BD 为参考轴向右为正。矩形在左侧,因此其质心坐标为负;洞要用负面积。上下对称不影响水平面积矩。
答题过程
展开
Take signed perpendicular distances from , positive towards . Since the template is uniform, masses are proportional to areas. The rectangle has area and centroid coordinate . The large semicircle has radius , area , and centroid coordinate . The removed semicircle has radius , area , and centroid coordinate . Thus the total area is . Taking moments about ,
The right-hand side is
Therefore
The positive result places the centre of mass to the right of .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
自由悬挂时质心必须在悬点 B 的正下方。由上下对称,质心沿 BD 方向距 B 为 4a,再用水平偏移 d 求夹角。
答题过程
展开
By symmetry, the centre of mass lies on the line through the midpoint of perpendicular to . Its component along from is therefore , and its perpendicular component is . In hanging equilibrium, is vertically downwards. Hence the angle between and the downward vertical satisfies
Therefore
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
BD 竖直时,模板重力在右侧、附重在左侧;E 点向右的水平力与附重产生同向力矩。绕 B 取矩,轴的反力被消去。
答题过程
展开
With vertical, the template’s weight acts a horizontal distance to the right of , giving a clockwise moment. The particle at is to the left of , and the horizontal force at acts to the right at distance below . Both give anticlockwise moments. Taking moments about ,
Substituting part (a) and dividing by ,
Thus