A rough straight ramp is fixed at an angle α to horizontal ground, where tanα=125
The point A is at the bottom of the ramp and the point B is at the top of the ramp.
Points A and B are on a line of greatest slope of the ramp, with AB=5m, as shown in the sketch in Figure 4.
A particle of mass 0.5kg is projected up the ramp from A, along the line AB, with speed Ums−1. At the instant when it reaches B, the speed of the particle is 26ms−1
The coefficient of friction between the particle and the ramp is 31
(a) Find the work done against friction as the particle moves from A to B.
(3)
(b) Use the work–energy principle to find the value of U.
(4)
After leaving the ramp at B, the particle moves freely under gravity.
The particle is above the level of B for T seconds.
(c) Find the value of T.
(3)
The particle hits the ground for the first time at the point C.
(d) Find the distance AC.
(6)
题目中文翻译
一条粗糙直斜坡固定于水平地面上,与地面成 α 角,其中 tanα=125。
A 点位于斜坡底端,B 点位于斜坡顶端。
如图 4 的草图所示,A、B 位于斜坡的同一条最大坡度线上,且 AB=5m。
一个质量为 0.5kg 的质点从 A 沿直线 AB 以速率 Ums−1 沿斜坡向上发射。质点到达 B 的瞬间的速率为 26ms−1。
质点与斜坡之间的摩擦系数为 31。
(a) 求质点从 A 到 B 过程中克服摩擦力所做的功。
(3)
(b) 利用功—能原理求 U 的值。
(4)
质点离开斜坡的 B 点后,仅在重力作用下自由运动。
质点在 B 点所在水平面上方运动的时间为 T 秒。
(c) 求 T 的值。
(3)
质点首次落地的位置为 C 点。
(d) 求距离 AC。
(6)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先由 5–12–13 三角形求坡角的正弦和余弦。支持力决定摩擦力,克服摩擦所做功等于摩擦力乘坡长。
答题过程
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Since tanα=5/12,
sinα=135,cosα=1312.
Perpendicular to the ramp, the normal reaction is
R=0.5gcosα.
The frictional force while the particle moves up the ramp is
F=31R=31(21g1312)=132g.
Therefore the work done against friction is
Ef=F(5)=1310g=7.54 J(3 s.f.).
(b)
解法一
思路
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按题目要求用功—能:初动能等于末动能加势能增加及摩擦耗能。坡顶高度是坡长乘 sin。
答题过程
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The vertical rise from A to B is 5sinα=25/13 m. By the work–energy principle,
21(0.5)U2=21(0.5)(26)2+0.5g(1325)+1310g.
Multiplying by 4,
U2=676+1390g.
Therefore
U=676+1390(9.8)=27.3 m s−1(3 s.f.).
(c)
解法一
思路
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离开坡顶时速度沿坡方向。求位于 B 水平面上方的时间,起点与终点高度相同,所以竖直位移为零;这不是落地总时间。
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At B, the horizontal and vertical velocity components are
ux=26cosα=24,uy=26sinα=10.
On returning to the level of B after time T,
0=10T−21gT2.
Taking the nonzero solution,
T=g20=2.04 s(3 s.f.).
(d)
解法一
思路
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从 B 计时,落地时竖直位移是负的坡顶高度。求正时间根后,水平位移还要加上 A 到 B 的水平投影。
答题过程
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Let t be the time from leaving B to hitting the ground at C. Taking upwards as positive,
−1325=10t−21gt2.
The positive root is
t=g10+100+2g(25/13)=2.2177… s.
The horizontal distance from the point vertically below B to C is 24t. Since the horizontal projection of AB is 5cosα=60/13,
AC=1360+24t=57.8 m(3 s.f.).
解法二
思路
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也可把飞行分成上升到最高点、再从最高点自由下落两段。先求最高点距地面的高度,再求下落时间。
答题过程
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The time from B to the highest point is
t1=g10.
The highest point is at height
H=1325+2g102
above the ground. Starting with zero vertical velocity there, the fall time to the ground is
t2=g2H.
The horizontal velocity remains 24 m s−1 throughout the flight, so