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M3 2020 Oct Q6

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2020 Oct Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

A light elastic string has natural length aa and modulus of elasticity 34mg\dfrac34mg. A particle PP of mass mm is attached to one end of the string. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point AA. Particle PP hangs freely in equilibrium at the point OO, vertically below AA.

(a) Find the distance OAOA.

(2)

The particle PP is now pulled vertically down to a point BB, where AB=3aAB=3a, and released from rest.

(b) Show that, throughout the subsequent motion, PP performs only simple harmonic motion, justifying your answer.

(6)

The point CC is vertically below AA, where AC=2aAC=2a.

Find, in terms of aa and gg,

(c) the speed of PP at the instant that it passes through CC,

(3)

(d) the time taken for PP to move directly from BB to CC.

(4)
题目中文翻译

一根弹性轻绳的原长为 aa,弹性模量为 34mg\dfrac34mg。一个质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接于绳的一端,另一端连接于固定点 AA。质点 PP 在 AA 正下方的 OO 点自由悬挂并处于平衡。

(a) 求距离 OAOA。

(2)

现在将质点 PP 竖直向下拉至 BB 点,其中 AB=3aAB=3a,然后由静止释放。

(b) 证明在随后的整个运动过程中,PP 只做简谐运动,并说明理由。

(6)

CC 点位于 AA 的正下方,且 AC=2aAC=2a。

用 aa 和 gg 表示

(c) PP 经过 CC 的瞬间的速率;

(3)

(d) PP 从 BB 直接运动到 CC 所需的时间。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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平衡时绳张力等于重力,先求伸长,再加原长才得到 OA。

答题过程

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Let the equilibrium extension be ee. By Hooke’s law and vertical equilibrium,

(3mg/4)ea=mg.\frac{(3mg/4)e}{a}=mg.

Hence e=4a/3e=4a/3, and

OA=a+e=73a.\boxed{OA=a+e=\frac73a}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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以平衡位置为原点向下量位移,得到加速度与位移反向成正比。还必须检查振动的最高点处绳仍有正伸长,才能断言整个运动都是简谐运动。

答题过程

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Let xx be the downward displacement from OO. While the string is taut, its extension is 4a/3+x4a/3+x. Resolving downwards,

mx¨=mg−3mg4a(4a3+x).m\ddot x=mg-\frac{3mg}{4a}\left(\frac{4a}{3}+x\right).

Simplifying,

mx¨=−3mg4ax,x¨=−3g4ax.m\ddot x=-\frac{3mg}{4a}x,\qquad \ddot x=-\frac{3g}{4a}x.

Thus the acceleration is proportional to the displacement from OO and directed towards OO. This is SHM with

ω2=3g4a.\omega^2=\frac{3g}{4a}.

The particle starts from rest at BB, whose displacement is

OB=3a−73a=23a.OB=3a-\frac73a=\frac23a.

This is the amplitude. The minimum extension during this SHM is

43a−23a=23a>0.\frac43a-\frac23a=\frac23a>0.

Therefore the string never becomes slack, the equation remains valid throughout, and PP performs only SHM.

(c)

解法一

思路

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C 点比平衡位置高 a/3。代入简谐运动的速率公式,注意振幅为 2a/3,而不是从 A 量起的距离。

答题过程

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At CC, the displacement from equilibrium is

x=AC−AO=2a−73a=−a3.x=AC-AO=2a-\frac73a=-\frac a3.

Using v2=ω2(A02−x2)v^2=\omega^2(A_0^2-x^2), where the amplitude A0=2a/3A_0=2a/3,

v2=3g4a[(2a3)2−(−a3)2]=ag4.v^2=\frac{3g}{4a}\left[\left(\frac{2a}{3}\right)^2-\left(-\frac a3\right)^2\right]=\frac{ag}{4}.

Hence the speed is

v=ag2.\boxed{v=\frac{\sqrt{ag}}2}.

解法二

思路

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也可在 B 与 C 之间使用机械能守恒。绳伸长从 2a 变成 a,粒子升高 a。

答题过程

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The extensions at BB and CC are 2a2a and aa, respectively. The particle rises through height aa from BB to CC. Conservation of mechanical energy gives

(3mg/4)(2a)22a=(3mg/4)a22a+mga+12mv2.\frac{(3mg/4)(2a)^2}{2a}=\frac{(3mg/4)a^2}{2a}+mga+\frac12mv^2.

Therefore

32mga=38mga+mga+12mv2,\frac32mga=\frac38mga+mga+\frac12mv^2, 12mv2=18mga,v=ag2.\frac12mv^2=\frac18mga,\qquad \boxed{v=\frac{\sqrt{ag}}2}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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从最低点静止释放,使用余弦表达式。C 在平衡位置另一侧,所以首次到 C 的相位为 2π/3,不能误取 π/3。

答题过程

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Take t=0t=0 at release from BB and measure xx downwards from OO. Then

x=2a3cos⁡(ωt),ω=3g4a.x=\frac{2a}{3}\cos(\omega t),\qquad \omega=\sqrt{\frac{3g}{4a}}.

At the first arrival at CC, x=−a/3x=-a/3, so

−a3=2a3cos⁡(ωt),cos⁡(ωt)=−12.-\frac a3=\frac{2a}{3}\cos(\omega t),\qquad \cos(\omega t)=-\frac12.

During the direct motion from BB towards the upper turning point, 0<ωt<π0<\omega t<\pi, giving ωt=2π/3\omega t=2\pi/3. Thus

t=2π34a3g.\boxed{t=\frac{2\pi}{3}\sqrt{\frac{4a}{3g}}}.