题目
4.
A circus performer has mass . She is attached to one end of a cable of length . The other end of the cable is attached to a fixed point
Initially she is held at rest at point with the cable taut and at an angle of below the horizontal, as shown in Figure 3.
The circus performer is released from and she moves on a vertical circular path with centre
The circus performer is modelled as a particle and the cable is modelled as light and inextensible.
(a) Find, in terms of and , the tension in the cable at the instant immediately after the circus performer is released.
(b) Show that, during the motion following her release, the greatest tension in the cable is times the least tension in the cable.
题目中文翻译
一名质量为 的马戏表演者连接于一根长为 的缆绳的一端,缆绳的另一端连接于固定点 。
如图 3 所示,最初将她静止保持在 点,缆绳绷紧,并与水平面向下成 角。
将表演者从 释放后,她沿以 为圆心的竖直圆周运动。
将表演者视为质点,缆绳视为不可伸长的轻绳。
(a) 用 和 表示表演者刚释放后瞬间缆绳中的张力。
(b) 证明释放后的运动过程中,缆绳中的最大张力是最小张力的 倍。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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刚释放时速率为零,所以向心加速度为零;但切向加速度不为零。只沿绳方向列径向方程,不能把全部合力设为零。
答题过程
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Immediately after release, the speed is zero. Resolving along the cable towards ,
Therefore
(b)
解法一
思路
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最低点的速率由能量守恒得到,再求该处张力。还要解释为何两个端点的张力最小、最低点张力最大,而不是只比较两个位置。
答题过程
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Let be the lowest point of the path. The performer drops a vertical distance
from to . Conservation of mechanical energy gives
At , resolving towards ,
To identify the extrema throughout the motion, let be the angle between the cable and the downward vertical. At each turning point, , and at , . Energy at a general point gives
The radial equation is
so
Since , the minimum tension is at the turning points and the maximum is at the lowest point. In particular tension is always positive, so the cable remains taut. Therefore