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M3 2021 June Q6

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

6.

A particle PP of mass 0.4 kg0.4\,\mathrm{kg} is attached to one end of a light elastic string, of natural length 0.8 m0.8\,\mathrm{m} and modulus of elasticity 0.6 N0.6\,\mathrm{N}. The other end of the string is fixed to a point AA on a rough horizontal table. The coefficient of friction between PP and the table is 17\dfrac17

The particle PP is projected from AA, with speed 1.8 m s−11.8\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}, along the surface of the table.

After travelling 0.8 m0.8\,\mathrm{m} from AA, the particle passes through the point BB on the table.

(a) Find the speed of PP at the instant it passes through BB.

(5)

The particle PP comes to rest at the point CC on the table, where ABCABC is a straight line.

(b) Find the total distance travelled by PP as it moves directly from AA to CC.

(6)

(c) Show that PP remains at rest at CC.

(3)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 0.4 kg0.4\,\mathrm{kg} 的质点 PP 连接于一根原长为 0.8 m0.8\,\mathrm{m}、弹性模量为 0.6 N0.6\,\mathrm{N} 的弹性轻绳的一端,绳的另一端固定于粗糙水平桌面上的 AA 点。PP 与桌面之间的摩擦系数为 17\dfrac17。

将质点 PP 从 AA 以速率 1.8 m s−11.8\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 沿桌面发射。

质点从 AA 运动 0.8 m0.8\,\mathrm{m} 后经过桌面上的 BB 点。

(a) 求 PP 经过 BB 的瞬间的速率。

(5)

质点 PP 在桌面上的 CC 点停下,其中 AA、BB、CC 共线。

(b) 求 PP 从 AA 直接运动到 CC 的总路程。

(6)

(c) 证明 PP 保持静止于 CC。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从 A 到 B 绳尚未伸长,只有摩擦力消耗动能。先求恒定摩擦力,再用功—能求 B 点速率。

答题过程

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The normal reaction is 0.4g0.4g, so the frictional force while moving is

F=17(0.4g)=0.56 N.F=\frac17(0.4g)=0.56\text{ N}.

The string is slack until the particle reaches BB, where its length equals the natural length 0.80.8 m. Thus no elastic energy is stored during ABAB. By the work–energy principle,

12(0.4)vB2=12(0.4)(1.8)2−0.56(0.8).\frac12(0.4)v_B^2=\frac12(0.4)(1.8)^2-0.56(0.8).

Hence

0.2vB2=0.648−0.448=0.2,vB=1.00 m s−1.0.2v_B^2=0.648-0.448=0.2,\qquad \boxed{v_B=1.00\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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从 B 到 C 绳开始伸长。B 点剩余动能用于克服摩擦和储存弹性势能;先求 BC,再加上 0.8 米。

答题过程

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Let BC=eBC=e m, so the string’s extension at CC is ee. Energy from BB to the first rest point CC gives

12(0.4)(1.00)2=0.56e+0.6e22(0.8).\frac12(0.4)(1.00)^2=0.56e+\frac{0.6e^2}{2(0.8)}.

Thus

0.375e2+0.56e−0.2=0.0.375e^2+0.56e-0.2=0.

The positive root is

e=−0.56+0.562+4(0.375)(0.2)0.75=0.297768… m.e=\frac{-0.56+\sqrt{0.56^2+4(0.375)(0.2)}}{0.75}=0.297768\ldots\text{ m}.

The other root is negative and is inadmissible for an extension. The total distance is

AC=0.8+e=1.10 m(3 s.f.).AC=0.8+e=\boxed{1.10\text{ m}}\quad(3\text{ s.f.}).

解法二

思路

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也可把从 A 出发的总路程直接设为未知量。摩擦在全程做功,但弹性势能只取超过原长的伸长。

答题过程

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Let AC=sAC=s m, where s>0.8s>0.8. The string extension at CC is s−0.8s-0.8. Energy from AA to CC gives

12(0.4)(1.8)2=0.56s+0.6(s−0.8)22(0.8).\frac12(0.4)(1.8)^2=0.56s+\frac{0.6(s-0.8)^2}{2(0.8)}.

Expanding,

0.648=0.56s+0.375(s2−1.6s+0.64),0.648=0.56s+0.375(s^2-1.6s+0.64), 0.375s2−0.04s−0.408=0.0.375s^2-0.04s-0.408=0.

The root satisfying s>0.8s>0.8 is s=1.097768…s=1.097768\ldots, so

AC=1.10 m.\boxed{AC=1.10\text{ m}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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停下后摩擦力会调整大小,不必继续等于极限值。只要绳张力小于最大静摩擦力,就能由静摩擦平衡而不反向运动。

答题过程

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At CC, using the unrounded extension from part (b),

TC=0.6e0.8=0.223326… N.T_C=\frac{0.6e}{0.8}=0.223326\ldots\text{ N}.

The greatest available static friction is

Fmax⁡=17(0.4g)=0.56 N.F_{\max}=\frac17(0.4g)=0.56\text{ N}.

Since TC<Fmax⁡T_C<F_{\max}, static friction of magnitude TCT_C can act away from AA and balance the tension towards AA. Therefore P remains at rest at C\boxed{P\text{ remains at rest at }C}.