A particle P of mass 0.4kg is attached to one end of a light elastic string, of natural length 0.8m and modulus of elasticity 0.6N. The other end of the string is fixed to a point A on a rough horizontal table. The coefficient of friction between P and the table is 71
The particle P is projected from A, with speed 1.8ms−1, along the surface of the table.
After travelling 0.8m from A, the particle passes through the point B on the table.
(a) Find the speed of P at the instant it passes through B.
(5)
The particle P comes to rest at the point C on the table, where ABC is a straight line.
(b) Find the total distance travelled by P as it moves directly from A to C.
(6)
(c) Show that P remains at rest at C.
(3)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 0.4kg 的质点 P 连接于一根原长为 0.8m、弹性模量为 0.6N 的弹性轻绳的一端,绳的另一端固定于粗糙水平桌面上的 A 点。P 与桌面之间的摩擦系数为 71。
将质点 P 从 A 以速率 1.8ms−1 沿桌面发射。
质点从 A 运动 0.8m 后经过桌面上的 B 点。
(a) 求 P 经过 B 的瞬间的速率。
(5)
质点 P 在桌面上的 C 点停下,其中 A、B、C 共线。
(b) 求 P 从 A 直接运动到 C 的总路程。
(6)
(c) 证明 P 保持静止于 C。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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从 A 到 B 绳尚未伸长,只有摩擦力消耗动能。先求恒定摩擦力,再用功—能求 B 点速率。
答题过程
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The normal reaction is 0.4g, so the frictional force while moving is
F=71(0.4g)=0.56 N.
The string is slack until the particle reaches B, where its length equals the natural length 0.8 m. Thus no elastic energy is stored during AB.
By the work–energy principle,
21(0.4)vB2=21(0.4)(1.8)2−0.56(0.8).
Hence
0.2vB2=0.648−0.448=0.2,vB=1.00 m s−1.
(b)
解法一
思路
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从 B 到 C 绳开始伸长。B 点剩余动能用于克服摩擦和储存弹性势能;先求 BC,再加上 0.8 米。
答题过程
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Let BC=e m, so the string’s extension at C is e. Energy from B to the first rest point C gives
21(0.4)(1.00)2=0.56e+2(0.8)0.6e2.
Thus
0.375e2+0.56e−0.2=0.
The positive root is
e=0.75−0.56+0.562+4(0.375)(0.2)=0.297768… m.
The other root is negative and is inadmissible for an extension. The total distance is
AC=0.8+e=1.10 m(3 s.f.).
解法二
思路
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也可把从 A 出发的总路程直接设为未知量。摩擦在全程做功,但弹性势能只取超过原长的伸长。
答题过程
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Let AC=s m, where s>0.8. The string extension at C is s−0.8.
Energy from A to C gives