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M3 2021 June Q7

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2021 June Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

7.

The fixed points AA and BB are 7 m7\,\mathrm{m} apart on a smooth horizontal surface.

A light elastic string has natural length 2 m2\,\mathrm{m} and modulus of elasticity 4 N4\,\mathrm{N}. One end of the string is attached to a particle PP of mass 2 kg2\,\mathrm{kg} and the other end is attached to AA

Another light elastic string has natural length 3 m3\,\mathrm{m} and modulus of elasticity 2 N2\,\mathrm{N}. One end of this string is attached to PP and the other end is attached to BB

The particle PP rests in equilibrium at the point OO, where AOBAOB is a straight line, as shown in Figure 4.

(a) Show that OA=2.5 mOA=2.5\,\mathrm{m}.

(4)

The particle PP now receives an impulse of magnitude 6 N s6\,\mathrm{N\,s} in the direction OBOB

(b) (i) Show that PP initially moves with simple harmonic motion with centre OO

(ii) Determine the amplitude of this simple harmonic motion.

(8)

The point CC lies on OBOB. As PP passes through CC the string attached to BB becomes slack.

(c) Find the speed of PP as it passes through CC

(2)

(d) Find the time taken for PP to travel directly from OO to CC

(3)
题目中文翻译

光滑水平面上的两个固定点 AA、BB 相距 7 m7\,\mathrm{m}。

一根弹性轻绳的原长为 2 m2\,\mathrm{m},弹性模量为 4 N4\,\mathrm{N}。绳的一端连接于质量为 2 kg2\,\mathrm{kg} 的质点 PP,另一端连接于 AA。

另一根弹性轻绳的原长为 3 m3\,\mathrm{m},弹性模量为 2 N2\,\mathrm{N}。绳的一端连接于 PP,另一端连接于 BB。

如图 4 所示,质点 PP 静止平衡于 OO 点,AA、OO、BB 共线。

(a) 证明 OA=2.5 mOA=2.5\,\mathrm{m}。

(4)

现在质点 PP 受到沿 OBOB 方向、大小为 6 N s6\,\mathrm{N\,s} 的冲量。

(b) (i) 证明 PP 最初做以 OO 为中心的简谐运动。

(ii) 确定此简谐运动的振幅。

(8)

CC 点位于 OBOB 上。PP 经过 CC 时,连接于 BB 的绳变松。

(c) 求 PP 经过 CC 时的速率。

(2)

(d) 求 PP 从 OO 直接运动到 CC 所需的时间。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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平衡时两绳张力相等。两绳实际长度之和为 7 米,伸长之和为 2 米;统一用 AO 表示长度。

答题过程

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Let AO=zAO=z m. Then BO=7−zBO=7-z m, and the extensions of the strings attached to AA and BB are z−2z-2 and 4−z4-z, respectively. By Hooke’s law and horizontal equilibrium,

4(z−2)2=2(4−z)3.\frac{4(z-2)}{2}=\frac{2(4-z)}{3}.

Thus

6(z−2)=2(4−z),8z=20,6(z-2)=2(4-z),\qquad 8z=20, OA=2.5 m.\boxed{OA=2.5\text{ m}}.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

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从平衡位置 O 向 B 量位移,两绳伸长分别增加和减少。列出两项张力后化简,只有两绳都绷紧的初段满足这个方程。

答题过程

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Let xx be the displacement from OO towards BB. Initially both strings are taut, with extensions 0.50.5 m and 1.51.5 m. At displacement xx, their tensions are

TA=4(0.5+x)2,TB=2(1.5−x)3.T_A=\frac{4(0.5+x)}2,\qquad T_B=\frac{2(1.5-x)}3.

Resolving towards BB,

2x¨=TB−TA=2(1.5−x)3−2(0.5+x)=−83x.2\ddot x=T_B-T_A=\frac{2(1.5-x)}3-2(0.5+x)=-\frac83x.

Hence

x¨=−43x.\ddot x=-\frac43x.

The acceleration is proportional to the displacement and directed towards OO. Therefore the initial motion is SHM with centre OO and

ω=23 rad s−1.\boxed{\omega=\frac2{\sqrt3}\text{ rad s}^{-1}}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

冲量决定初速度。O 是初段简谐运动的中心,该处速率为相应简谐解的最大速率,用 vmax=Aω 求振幅参数。

答题过程

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The particle is initially at rest. The impulse gives

6=2u,u=3 m s−1.6=2u,\qquad u=3\text{ m s}^{-1}.

At OO, x=0x=0, so the corresponding SHM has maximum speed 3 m s−13\text{ m s}^{-1}. If its amplitude is A0A_0,

3=A0ω=A023.3=A_0\omega=A_0\frac2{\sqrt3}.

Thus

A0=332 m.\boxed{A_0=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\text{ m}}.

This is the amplitude parameter of the initial SHM solution; that equation ceases to apply once either string becomes slack.

(c)

解法一

思路

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B 端绳长减到原长 3 米时松弛,因此 OC=1.5 米。此刻仍可用前一阶段的简谐运动速率公式。

答题过程

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At CC, BC=3BC=3 m. Since OB=7−2.5=4.5OB=7-2.5=4.5 m,

OC=4.5−3=1.5 m.OC=4.5-3=1.5\text{ m}.

Using v2=ω2(A02−x2)v^2=\omega^2(A_0^2-x^2) at the end of the initial SHM phase,

vC2=43[274−(32)2]=6.v_C^2=\frac43\left[\frac{27}{4}-\left(\frac32\right)^2\right]=6.

Therefore

vC=6 m s−1.\boxed{v_C=\sqrt6\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

解法二

思路

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也可比较 O 与 C 的两绳弹性势能。光滑桌面上没有摩擦,动能减少等于总弹性势能增加。

答题过程

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At OO the string extensions are 0.50.5 m and 1.51.5 m, so the total elastic energy is

EO=4(0.5)22(2)+2(1.5)22(3)=1 J.E_O=\frac{4(0.5)^2}{2(2)}+\frac{2(1.5)^2}{2(3)}=1\text{ J}.

At CC, the BB string has zero extension while the AA string has extension 0.5+1.5=20.5+1.5=2 m. Thus

EC=4(2)22(2)=4 J.E_C=\frac{4(2)^2}{2(2)}=4\text{ J}.

Conservation of energy gives

12(2)(3)2+1=12(2)vC2+4,\frac12(2)(3)^2+1=\frac12(2)v_C^2+4, vC2=6,vC=6 m s−1.v_C^2=6,\qquad \boxed{v_C=\sqrt6\text{ m s}^{-1}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

从 O 向 B 出发,所以以正弦写位移。取第一次到达 C 的锐相位,不用整个四分之一周期。

答题过程

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Take t=0t=0 immediately after the impulse. Since x(0)=0x(0)=0 and the initial velocity is towards BB,

x=332sin⁡(23t).x=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\sin\left(\frac2{\sqrt3}t\right).

At the first arrival at CC, x=3/2x=3/2, giving

sin⁡(23t)=13.\sin\left(\frac2{\sqrt3}t\right)=\frac1{\sqrt3}.

Since the particle is still moving towards BB, the phase lies between 00 and π/2\pi/2. Therefore

t=32sin⁡−1(13)=0.533 s.\boxed{t=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\sin^{-1}\left(\frac1{\sqrt3}\right)=0.533\text{ s}}.