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M3 2021 Oct Q3

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

A particle PP of mass mm is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length ll and modulus of elasticity kmgkmg, where kk is a constant. The other end of the spring is fixed to horizontal ground.

The particle PP rests in equilibrium, with the spring vertical, at the point EE.

The point EE is at a height 35l\dfrac35l above the ground, as shown in Figure 1.

(a) Show that k=52k=\dfrac52

(2)

The particle PP is now moved a distance 14l\dfrac14l vertically downwards from EE and released from rest. Air resistance is modelled as being negligible.

(b) Show that PP moves with simple harmonic motion.

(4)

(c) Find the speed of PP as it passes through EE.

(4)

(d) Find the time from the instant PP is released to the first instant it passes through EE.

(2)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接于一根原长为 ll、弹性模量为 kmgkmg 的弹性轻弹簧的一端,其中 kk 为常数。弹簧另一端固定于水平地面。

弹簧竖直时,质点 PP 静止平衡于 EE 点。

如图 1 所示,EE 点距地面的高度为 35l\dfrac35l。

(a) 证明 k=52k=\dfrac52。

(2)

现在将质点 PP 从 EE 竖直向下移动距离 14l\dfrac14l 后由静止释放。模型中忽略空气阻力。

(b) 证明 PP 做简谐运动。

(4)

(c) 求 PP 经过 EE 时的速率。

(4)

(d) 求从释放 PP 的瞬间到它首次经过 EE 的瞬间所用的时间。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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平衡时弹簧受压,压缩量是原长减现长。弹簧向上的推力平衡重力。

答题过程

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At equilibrium the spring is compressed by

l−35l=25l.l-\frac35l=\frac25l.

By Hooke’s law and vertical equilibrium,

mg=kmgl(2l5).mg=\frac{kmg}{l}\left(\frac{2l}{5}\right).

Cancelling mgmg gives 1=2k/51=2k/5, so

k=52.\boxed{k=\frac52}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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以 E 为原点向下量位移,压缩量随位移增加。列出重力减弹簧推力,化为加速度与位移反向成正比。

答题过程

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Let xx be the downward displacement from EE. The compression of the spring is 2l/5+x2l/5+x. Resolving downwards,

mx¨=mg−5mg2l(2l5+x).m\ddot x=mg-\frac{5mg}{2l}\left(\frac{2l}{5}+x\right).

Thus

mx¨=−5mg2lx,x¨=−5g2lx.m\ddot x=-\frac{5mg}{2l}x,\qquad \boxed{\ddot x=-\frac{5g}{2l}x}.

The acceleration is proportional to the displacement from EE and directed towards EE. Therefore the motion is SHM about EE, with

ω2=5g2l.\omega^2=\frac{5g}{2l}.

The amplitude is l/4l/4. The spring’s length varies between 3l/5−l/4=7l/203l/5-l/4=7l/20 and 3l/5+l/4=17l/203l/5+l/4=17l/20. It stays above the ground and remains compressed throughout, consistent with this equation of motion.

(c)

解法一

思路

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E 是平衡位置,经过 E 时速率最大,等于振幅乘角频率。

答题过程

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The amplitude is A=l/4A=l/4. At EE, x=0x=0, so

v=Aω=l45g2l=145gl2.v=A\omega=\frac l4\sqrt{\frac{5g}{2l}}=\boxed{\frac14\sqrt{\frac{5gl}{2}}}.

解法二

思路

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也可直接比较释放位置与 E 的弹性势能。粒子升高 l/4,弹簧压缩量从 13l/20 减到 2l/5。

答题过程

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At release, the compression is 2l/5+l/4=13l/202l/5+l/4=13l/20. At EE, it is 2l/52l/5, and the particle has risen through l/4l/4. Conservation of mechanical energy gives

(5mg/2)(13l/20)22l=(5mg/2)(2l/5)22l+mgl4+12mv2.\frac{(5mg/2)(13l/20)^2}{2l}=\frac{(5mg/2)(2l/5)^2}{2l}+mg\frac l4+\frac12mv^2.

Therefore

12mv2=5mg4l[(13l20)2−(2l5)2]−14mgl=564mgl.\frac12mv^2=\frac{5mg}{4l}\left[\left(\frac{13l}{20}\right)^2-\left(\frac{2l}{5}\right)^2\right]-\frac14mgl=\frac5{64}mgl.

Hence

v=5gl32=145gl2.\boxed{v=\sqrt{\frac{5gl}{32}}=\frac14\sqrt{\frac{5gl}{2}}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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由端点静止释放,第一次到达中心需要四分之一周期。

答题过程

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The time from a turning point to the centre of SHM is one quarter of the period. Hence

t=142πω=π22l5g.t=\frac14\frac{2\pi}{\omega}=\boxed{\frac\pi2\sqrt{\frac{2l}{5g}}}.