题目
3.
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light elastic spring of natural length and modulus of elasticity , where is a constant. The other end of the spring is fixed to horizontal ground.
The particle rests in equilibrium, with the spring vertical, at the point .
The point is at a height above the ground, as shown in Figure 1.
(a) Show that
The particle is now moved a distance vertically downwards from and released from rest. Air resistance is modelled as being negligible.
(b) Show that moves with simple harmonic motion.
(c) Find the speed of as it passes through .
(d) Find the time from the instant is released to the first instant it passes through .
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 的质点 连接于一根原长为 、弹性模量为 的弹性轻弹簧的一端,其中 为常数。弹簧另一端固定于水平地面。
弹簧竖直时,质点 静止平衡于 点。
如图 1 所示, 点距地面的高度为 。
(a) 证明 。
现在将质点 从 竖直向下移动距离 后由静止释放。模型中忽略空气阻力。
(b) 证明 做简谐运动。
(c) 求 经过 时的速率。
(d) 求从释放 的瞬间到它首次经过 的瞬间所用的时间。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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平衡时弹簧受压,压缩量是原长减现长。弹簧向上的推力平衡重力。
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At equilibrium the spring is compressed by
By Hooke’s law and vertical equilibrium,
Cancelling gives , so
(b)
解法一
思路
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以 E 为原点向下量位移,压缩量随位移增加。列出重力减弹簧推力,化为加速度与位移反向成正比。
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Let be the downward displacement from . The compression of the spring is . Resolving downwards,
Thus
The acceleration is proportional to the displacement from and directed towards . Therefore the motion is SHM about , with
The amplitude is . The spring’s length varies between and . It stays above the ground and remains compressed throughout, consistent with this equation of motion.
(c)
解法一
思路
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E 是平衡位置,经过 E 时速率最大,等于振幅乘角频率。
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The amplitude is . At , , so
解法二
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也可直接比较释放位置与 E 的弹性势能。粒子升高 l/4,弹簧压缩量从 13l/20 减到 2l/5。
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At release, the compression is . At , it is , and the particle has risen through . Conservation of mechanical energy gives
Therefore
Hence
(d)
解法一
思路
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由端点静止释放,第一次到达中心需要四分之一周期。
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The time from a turning point to the centre of SHM is one quarter of the period. Hence