题目
Problem
6.
A light rod of length a is free to rotate in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis through one end O. A particle P of mass m is attached to the other end of the rod. The particle P is held at rest with the rod making an angle α with the upward vertical through O, where tanα=43
The particle P is then projected with speed u in a direction which is perpendicular to the rod. At the instant when the rod makes an angle θ with the upward vertical through O, the speed of P is v, as shown in Figure 3.
Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.
(a) Show that v2=u2+52ag(4−5cosθ)
(4)
It is given that u2=56ag and P moves in complete vertical circles.
When θ=β, the force exerted on P by the rod is zero.
(b) Find the value of cosβ
(6)
题目中文翻译
一根长为 a 的轻杆可绕过一端 O 的水平轴在竖直平面内自由转动。质量为 m 的质点 P 连接于杆的另一端。将质点 P 保持静止,使杆与过 O 的竖直向上方向成 α 角,其中 tanα=43。
随后将质点 P 沿垂直于杆的方向以速率 u 发射。如图 3 所示,杆与过 O 的竖直向上方向成 θ 角的瞬间,P 的速率为 v。
假设空气阻力可忽略。
(a) 证明 v2=u2+52ag(4−5cosθ)。
(4)
已知 u2=56ag,且 P 沿完整的竖直圆周运动。
当 θ=β 时,杆对 P 施加的力为零。
(b) 求 cosβ 的值。
(6)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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杆的力始终垂直瞬时运动方向,不做功,因此机械能守恒。高度用杆与竖直向上方向的余弦表示。
答题过程
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Since tanα=3/4, cosα=4/5. Taking the level of O as zero potential energy, the initial and general heights are acosα and acosθ.
Conservation of mechanical energy gives
21mu2+mgacosα=21mv2+mgacosθ.
Thus
v2=u2+2ag(54−cosθ)=u2+52ag(4−5cosθ).
(b)
解法一
思路
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杆可以推也可以拉;题目所求是杆力恰好为零的位置。此时径向合力只由重力分量提供,代入能量求得的速率即可。
答题过程
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Let the signed force exerted by the rod towards O be T. Resolving radially towards O,
T+mgcosθ=amv2.
At θ=β, the rod force is zero. From part (a) and u2=6ag/5,
v2=56ag+52ag(4−5cosβ)=514ag−2agcosβ.
Consequently
mgcosβ=am(514ag−2agcosβ).
Cancelling mg,
cosβ=514−2cosβ,cosβ=1514.