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M3 2022 Jan UNUSED Q3

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2022 Jan Unused Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

A particle PP is moving along the xx-axis. At time tt seconds, where t⩾0t\geqslant0, PP is xx metres from the origin OO and is moving with speed v m s−1v\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}

The acceleration of PP has magnitude 2(2x+1)3 m s−2\dfrac2{(2x+1)^3}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} and is directed towards OO

When t=0t=0, PP passes through OO in the positive xx direction with speed 1 m s−11\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}

(a) Find vv in terms of xx

(4)

(b) Show that x=12(4t+1−1)x=\dfrac12\left(\sqrt{4t+1}-1\right)

(4)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP 沿 xx 轴运动。在 tt 秒时,t⩾0t\geqslant0,PP 距原点 OO 为 xx 米,速率为 v m s−1v\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}。

PP 的加速度大小为 2(2x+1)3 m s−2\dfrac2{(2x+1)^3}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}},方向指向 OO。

当 t=0t=0 时,PP 以速率 1 m s−11\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 沿 xx 轴正方向经过 OO。

(a) 用 xx 表示 vv。

(4)

(b) 证明 x=12(4t+1−1)x=\dfrac12\left(\sqrt{4t+1}-1\right)。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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粒子初始沿正方向运动,指向原点的加速度带负号。用 a=v dv/dx 积分并代入初始条件;结果对有限 x≥0 始终为正,确认不会转向。

答题过程

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While PP moves away from OO,

vdvdx=−2(2x+1)3.v\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}=-\frac2{(2x+1)^3}.

Integrating,

∫v dv=−2∫(2x+1)−3 dx,\int v\,\mathrm{d}v=-2\int(2x+1)^{-3}\,\mathrm{d}x, v22=12(2x+1)2+C.\frac{v^2}{2}=\frac1{2(2x+1)^2}+C.

At x=0x=0, v=1v=1, so C=0C=0. Therefore

v2=1(2x+1)2.v^2=\frac1{(2x+1)^2}.

The positive branch matches the initial direction:

v=12x+1.\boxed{v=\frac1{2x+1}}.

For every finite x≥0x\geq0, this remains positive, so the assumed direction is consistent.

(b)

解法一

思路

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由 dx/dt 的表达式分离变量并积分,利用初始条件后配方。取根时用 x≥0 排除负根。

答题过程

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Using part (a),

dxdt=12x+1.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac1{2x+1}.

Separating and integrating,

∫(2x+1) dx=∫dt,\int(2x+1)\,\mathrm{d}x=\int\mathrm{d}t, x2+x=t+D.x^2+x=t+D.

Since x=0x=0 at t=0t=0, D=0D=0. Completing the square,

(x+12)2=t+14.\left(x+\frac12\right)^2=t+\frac14.

As x≥0x\geq0, x+1/2>0x+1/2>0, so

x+12=124t+1.x+\frac12=\frac12\sqrt{4t+1}.

Hence

x=12(4t+1−1).\boxed{x=\frac12\left(\sqrt{4t+1}-1\right)}.