题目
Problem
3.
A particle P is moving along the x-axis. At time t seconds, where t⩾0, P is x metres from the origin O and is moving with speed vms−1
The acceleration of P has magnitude (2x+1)32ms−2 and is directed towards O
When t=0, P passes through O in the positive x direction with speed 1ms−1
(a) Find v in terms of x
(4)
(b) Show that x=21(4t+1−1)
(4)
题目中文翻译
质点 P 沿 x 轴运动。在 t 秒时,t⩾0,P 距原点 O 为 x 米,速率为 vms−1。
P 的加速度大小为 (2x+1)32ms−2,方向指向 O。
当 t=0 时,P 以速率 1ms−1 沿 x 轴正方向经过 O。
(a) 用 x 表示 v。
(4)
(b) 证明 x=21(4t+1−1)。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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粒子初始沿正方向运动,指向原点的加速度带负号。用 a=v dv/dx 积分并代入初始条件;结果对有限 x≥0 始终为正,确认不会转向。
答题过程
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While P moves away from O,
vdxdv=−(2x+1)32.
Integrating,
∫vdv=−2∫(2x+1)−3dx,
2v2=2(2x+1)21+C.
At x=0, v=1, so C=0. Therefore
v2=(2x+1)21.
The positive branch matches the initial direction:
v=2x+11.
For every finite x≥0, this remains positive, so the assumed direction is consistent.
(b)
解法一
思路
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由 dx/dt 的表达式分离变量并积分,利用初始条件后配方。取根时用 x≥0 排除负根。
答题过程
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Using part (a),
dtdx=2x+11.
Separating and integrating,
∫(2x+1)dx=∫dt,
x2+x=t+D.
Since x=0 at t=0, D=0. Completing the square,
(x+21)2=t+41.
As x≥0, x+1/2>0, so
x+21=214t+1.
Hence
x=21(4t+1−1).