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M3 2022 Jan UNUSED Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2022 Jan Unused Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

A particle PP of mass mm is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length aa. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point OO. The particle PP is held at rest vertically below OO, with the string taut, as shown in Figure 4.

The particle is then projected horizontally with speed uu, where u>2agu>\sqrt{2ag}

Air resistance is modelled as being negligible.

At the instant when the string makes an angle θ\theta with the upward vertical through OO, the speed of PP is vv and the string goes slack.

(a) Show that 3v2=u2−2ag3v^2=u^2-2ag

(7)

From the instant when the string goes slack to the instant when OPOP is next horizontal, PP moves as a projectile.

The time from the instant when the string goes slack to the instant when OPOP is next horizontal is TT

Given that θ=30∘\theta=30^\circ

(b) show that T=2vgT=\dfrac{2v}g

(4)

(c) Hence, show that the string goes taut again when it is next horizontal.

(2)
题目中文翻译

质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接于一根长为 aa 的不可伸长轻绳的一端,另一端连接于固定点 OO。如图 4 所示,将质点 PP 静止保持在 OO 正下方,绳绷紧。

随后将质点以速率 uu 水平发射,其中 u>2agu>\sqrt{2ag}。

模型中忽略空气阻力。

绳与过 OO 的竖直向上方向成 θ\theta 角的瞬间,PP 的速率为 vv,且绳变松。

(a) 证明 3v2=u2−2ag3v^2=u^2-2ag。

(7)

从绳变松的瞬间到 OPOP 下一次水平的瞬间,PP 做抛体运动。

从绳变松的瞬间到 OPOP 下一次水平的瞬间所用的时间为 TT。

已知 θ=30∘\theta=30^\circ,

(b) 证明 T=2vgT=\dfrac{2v}g。

(4)

(c) 由此证明绳下一次水平时再次绷紧。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从最低点到松绳位置,先用能量守恒。松绳瞬间张力为零,径向加速度只由重力分量提供,两式消去角度。

答题过程

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The initial height relative to OO is −a-a, and the height when the string goes slack is acos⁡θa\cos\theta. The gain in height is a(1+cos⁡θ)a(1+\cos\theta). Conservation of energy gives

12mu2−12mv2=mga(1+cos⁡θ).\frac12mu^2-\frac12mv^2=mga(1+\cos\theta).

At the instant of slackening, T=0T=0. Resolving towards OO,

mgcos⁡θ=mv2a,agcos⁡θ=v2.mg\cos\theta=\frac{mv^2}{a},\qquad ag\cos\theta=v^2.

Substituting this into the energy equation,

u2−v2=2ag+2v2,u^2-v^2=2ag+2v^2, 3v2=u2−2ag.\boxed{3v^2=u^2-2ag}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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松绳时速度沿圆的切线向上,竖直分量为 v sin30°。竖直位移是从高于 O 的位置落到 O 水平线,所以为负;利用松绳条件把 a 换成 v²。

答题过程

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At slackening, θ=30∘\theta=30^\circ, so the height above OO is acos⁡30∘=a3/2a\cos30^\circ=a\sqrt3/2. The upward vertical component of the tangential velocity is vsin⁡30∘=v/2v\sin30^\circ=v/2. The slackening condition from part (a) gives

v2=agcos⁡30∘=32ag.v^2=ag\cos30^\circ=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}ag.

Taking upwards as positive, the displacement to the next horizontal position of OPOP is −a3/2-a\sqrt3/2. Therefore

−a32=v2T−12gT2.-\frac{a\sqrt3}{2}=\frac v2T-\frac12gT^2.

Using a3/2=v2/ga\sqrt3/2=v^2/g and multiplying by 2g2g,

g2T2−gvT−2v2=0,g^2T^2-gvT-2v^2=0, (gT−2v)(gT+v)=0.(gT-2v)(gT+v)=0.

Since T>0T>0,

T=2vg.\boxed{T=\frac{2v}{g}}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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在松绳位置,粒子位于 O 的初运动方向一侧,切线速度的水平分量指向另一侧。算出到 O 水平线时的总横坐标,证明其到 O 的距离重新等于绳长。

答题过程

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Take the positive horizontal direction to be the initial direction of projection from the lowest point. At slackening, the particle has horizontal coordinate

X0=asin⁡30∘=a2.X_0=a\sin30^\circ=\frac a2.

Its horizontal velocity is directed back across OO and is −vcos⁡30∘-v\cos30^\circ. During time T=2v/gT=2v/g, its horizontal displacement is

ΔX=−v322vg=−3v2g=−32a.\Delta X=-v\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\frac{2v}{g}=-\frac{\sqrt3v^2}{g}=-\frac32a.

Thus when OPOP is next horizontal,

X=X0+ΔX=a2−32a=−a.X=X_0+\Delta X=\frac a2-\frac32a=-a.

The particle is at the level of OO and a horizontal distance aa from OO. Therefore OP=aOP=a, and the string becomes taut again\boxed{\text{the string becomes taut again}} at this horizontal position.