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M3 2022 June Q3

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2022 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

A particle PP is moving along a straight line.

At time tt seconds, PP is a distance xx metres from a fixed point OO on the line and is moving away from OO with speed 502x+3 m s−1\dfrac{50}{2x+3}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}

(a) Find the deceleration of PP when x=12x=12

(5)

Given that x=4x=4 when t=1t=1

(b) find the value of tt when x=12x=12

(5)
题目中文翻译

本题必须展示所有计算步骤。

不接受完全依赖计算器技术的解法。

质点 PP 沿直线运动。

在 tt 秒时,PP 距直线上固定点 OO 为 xx 米,正以速率 502x+3 m s−1\dfrac{50}{2x+3}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} 远离 OO 运动。

(a) 求 x=12x=12 时 PP 的减速度大小。

(5)

已知 t=1t=1 时 x=4x=4,

(b) 求 x=12x=12 时的 tt 值。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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速度以位置表示,因此用链式法则把时间导数转为位置导数。加速度是负数,所求减速度大小要取正值。

答题过程

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Take the direction away from OO as positive. Then

v=50(2x+3)−1.v=50(2x+3)^{-1}.

Differentiating with respect to xx,

dvdx=−100(2x+3)−2.\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x} =-100(2x+3)^{-2}.

By the chain rule,

dvdt= dvdxdxdt= −100(2x+3)2502x+3= −5000(2x+3)3.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ =&\,-\frac{100}{(2x+3)^2}\frac{50}{2x+3}\\ =&\,-\frac{5000}{(2x+3)^3}. \end{align*}

At x=12x=12,

dvdt=−5000273 m s−2.\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} =-\frac{5000}{27^3}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.

The negative acceleration opposes the motion, so the deceleration is

500019683 m s−2≈0.254 m s−2.\boxed{\frac{5000}{19683}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} \approx0.254\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.}

(b)

解法一

思路

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分离变量后手工积分,并用 t=1,x=4t=1,x=4 求常数。题目问的是时刻 tt,不是从该初始条件起经过的时间。

答题过程

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Since v=dx/dtv=\mathrm{d}x/\mathrm{d}t,

(2x+3)dxdt=50.(2x+3)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=50.

Separating variables and integrating,

∫(2x+3) dx=∫50 dt,x2+3x=50t+C.\int(2x+3)\,\mathrm{d}x=\int50\,\mathrm{d}t, \qquad x^2+3x=50t+C.

Using x=4x=4 when t=1t=1 gives

16+12=50+C,C=−22.16+12=50+C,\qquad C=-22.

Thus

x2+3x=50t−22.x^2+3x=50t-22.

When x=12x=12,

144+36=50t−22,t=20250=4.04 s.144+36=50t-22, \qquad \boxed{t=\frac{202}{50}=4.04\,\mathrm{s}.}