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M3 2023 June Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

The centre of the Earth is the point OO and the Earth is modelled as a fixed sphere of radius RR.

At time t=0t=0, a particle PP is projected vertically upwards with speed UU from a point AA on the surface of the Earth.

At time tt seconds, where t⩾0t\geqslant0

  • PP is a distance xx from OO
  • PP is moving with speed vv
  • PP has acceleration of magnitude gR2x2\dfrac{gR^2}{x^2} directed towards OO

Air resistance is modelled as being negligible.

(a) Show that v2=2gR2x+U2−2gRv^2=\dfrac{2gR^2}x+U^2-2gR

(6)

Particle PP is first moving with speed 12gR\dfrac12\sqrt{gR} at the point BB.

(b) Given that U=gRU=\sqrt{gR} find, in terms of RR, the distance ABAB.

(3)

(c) Find, in terms of gg and RR, the smallest value of UU that would ensure that PP never comes to rest, explaining your reasoning.

(3)
题目中文翻译

地球的中心为 OO 点,将地球视为半径为 RR 的固定球体。

在 t=0t=0 时,将质点 PP 从地球表面的 AA 点以速率 UU 竖直向上抛出。

在 tt 秒时,t⩾0t\geqslant0,

  • PP 距 OO 为 xx;
  • PP 的速率为 vv;
  • PP 的加速度大小为 gR2x2\dfrac{gR^2}{x^2},方向指向 OO。

模型中忽略空气阻力。

(a) 证明 v2=2gR2x+U2−2gRv^2=\dfrac{2gR^2}x+U^2-2gR。

(6)

质点 PP 首次以速率 12gR\dfrac12\sqrt{gR} 运动时位于 BB 点。

(b) 已知 U=gRU=\sqrt{gR},用 RR 表示距离 ABAB。

(3)

(c) 用 gg 和 RR 表示能保证 PP 永不静止的 UU 的最小值,并解释理由。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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向外取正,引力加速度带负号。利用速度—位置形式积分,并在地表 x=Rx=R 处代入初速度;这里重力随位置改变,不能用常加速度公式。

答题过程

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Take the outward radial direction as positive. During the upward motion,

vdvdx=−gR2x2.v\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}=-\frac{gR^2}{x^2}.

Separating variables and integrating,

∫v dv=−gR2∫x−2 dx,\int v\,\mathrm{d}v=-gR^2\int x^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}x,

which gives

12v2=gR2x+C.\frac12v^2=\frac{gR^2}{x}+C.

At projection, x=Rx=R and v=Uv=U, so

12U2=gR+C,C=12U2−gR.\frac12U^2=gR+C, \qquad C=\frac12U^2-gR.

Substituting and multiplying by 22,

v2=2gR2x+U2−2gR.\boxed{v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+U^2-2gR.}

解法二

思路

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功—能定理也适用,但引力不是常量,重力做功要通过定积分求出。

答题过程

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Let the mass be mm. The outward component of the gravitational force at distance ss from OO is

F(s)=−mgR2s2.F(s)=-\frac{mgR^2}{s^2}.

By the work–energy principle between the surface and distance xx,

12mv2−12mU2=∫Rx−mgR2s2 ds.\frac12mv^2-\frac12mU^2 =\int_R^x-\frac{mgR^2}{s^2}\,\mathrm{d}s.

Evaluating the integral,

12mv2−12mU2= [mgR2s]Rx= mgR2x−mgR.\begin{align*} \frac12mv^2-\frac12mU^2 =&\,\left[\frac{mgR^2}{s}\right]_R^x\\ =&\,\frac{mgR^2}{x}-mgR. \end{align*}

Dividing by m/2m/2 and rearranging gives

v2=2gR2x+U2−2gR.\boxed{v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+U^2-2gR.}

(b)

解法一

思路

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将给定的初速率和目标速率分别平方后代入(a)。所得 xx 是到地心的距离,最后须减去 RR 才是上升高度 ABAB。

答题过程

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At BB,

U2=gR,v2=14gR.U^2=gR,\qquad v^2=\frac14gR.

Substituting into part (a),

14gR=2gR2x+gR−2gR,\frac14gR=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+gR-2gR,

so

54gR=2gR2x,x=8R5.\frac54gR=\frac{2gR^2}{x}, \qquad x=\frac{8R}{5}.

The first occurrence is on the upward part of the motion. Since OA=ROA=R,

AB=OB−OA=8R5−R=3R5.\boxed{AB=OB-OA=\frac{8R}{5}-R=\frac{3R}{5}.}

(c)

解法一

思路

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逃逸的临界情形允许速率在无限远渐近于零;这不等于在某个有限位置或有限时刻静止。还要说明更小的初速率一定会有有限的转折点。

答题过程

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From part (a),

v2=2gR2x+(U2−2gR).v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+(U^2-2gR).

The first term is positive for every finite x≥Rx\geq R and tends to zero as x→∞x\to\infty.

If U2<2gRU^2<2gR, setting v=0v=0 gives the finite turning distance

xturn=2gR22gR−U2.x_{\mathrm{turn}}=\frac{2gR^2}{2gR-U^2}.

Thus such a value of UU does not prevent the particle coming to rest.

If U2=2gRU^2=2gR, then

v2=2gR2x>0v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}>0

at every finite distance. The particle continues outwards, with its speed approaching zero only as x→∞x\to\infty; it does not come to rest at a finite point. Any greater UU also keeps v2v^2 positive.

Therefore the smallest initial speed is

Umin⁡=2gR.\boxed{U_{\min}=\sqrt{2gR}.}