题目
Problem
5.
The centre of the Earth is the point O O O and the Earth is modelled as a fixed sphere of radius R R R .
At time t = 0 t=0 t = 0 , a particle P P P is projected vertically upwards with speed U U U from a point A A A on the surface of the Earth.
At time t t t seconds, where t ⩾ 0 t\geqslant0 t ⩾ 0
P P P is a distance x x x from O O O
P P P is moving with speed v v v
P P P has acceleration of magnitude g R 2 x 2 \dfrac{gR^2}{x^2} x 2 g R 2 directed towards O O O
Air resistance is modelled as being negligible.
(a) Show that v 2 = 2 g R 2 x + U 2 − 2 g R v^2=\dfrac{2gR^2}x+U^2-2gR v 2 = x 2 g R 2 + U 2 − 2 g R
(6)
Particle P P P is first moving with speed 1 2 g R \dfrac12\sqrt{gR} 2 1 g R at the point B B B .
(b) Given that U = g R U=\sqrt{gR} U = g R find, in terms of R R R , the distance A B AB A B .
(3)
(c) Find, in terms of g g g and R R R , the smallest value of U U U that would ensure that P P P never comes to rest, explaining your reasoning.
(3)
题目中文翻译
地球的中心为 O O O 点,将地球视为半径为 R R R 的固定球体。
在 t = 0 t=0 t = 0 时,将质点 P P P 从地球表面的 A A A 点以速率 U U U 竖直向上抛出。
在 t t t 秒时,t ⩾ 0 t\geqslant0 t ⩾ 0 ,
P P P 距 O O O 为 x x x ;
P P P 的速率为 v v v ;
P P P 的加速度大小为 g R 2 x 2 \dfrac{gR^2}{x^2} x 2 g R 2 ,方向指向 O O O 。
模型中忽略空气阻力。
(a) 证明 v 2 = 2 g R 2 x + U 2 − 2 g R v^2=\dfrac{2gR^2}x+U^2-2gR v 2 = x 2 g R 2 + U 2 − 2 g R 。
(6)
质点 P P P 首次以速率 1 2 g R \dfrac12\sqrt{gR} 2 1 g R 运动时位于 B B B 点。
(b) 已知 U = g R U=\sqrt{gR} U = g R ,用 R R R 表示距离 A B AB A B 。
(3)
(c) 用 g g g 和 R R R 表示能保证 P P P 永不静止的 U U U 的最小值,并解释理由。
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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向外取正,引力加速度带负号。利用速度—位置形式积分,并在地表 x = R x=R x = R 处代入初速度;这里重力随位置改变,不能用常加速度公式。
答题过程
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Take the outward radial direction as positive. During the upward motion,
v d v d x = − g R 2 x 2 . v\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}=-\frac{gR^2}{x^2}. v d x d v = − x 2 g R 2 .
Separating variables and integrating,
∫ v d v = − g R 2 ∫ x − 2 d x , \int v\,\mathrm{d}v=-gR^2\int x^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}x, ∫ v d v = − g R 2 ∫ x − 2 d x ,
which gives
1 2 v 2 = g R 2 x + C . \frac12v^2=\frac{gR^2}{x}+C. 2 1 v 2 = x g R 2 + C .
At projection, x = R x=R x = R and v = U v=U v = U , so
1 2 U 2 = g R + C , C = 1 2 U 2 − g R . \frac12U^2=gR+C,
\qquad C=\frac12U^2-gR. 2 1 U 2 = g R + C , C = 2 1 U 2 − g R .
Substituting and multiplying by 2 2 2 ,
v 2 = 2 g R 2 x + U 2 − 2 g R . \boxed{v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+U^2-2gR.} v 2 = x 2 g R 2 + U 2 − 2 g R .
解法二
思路
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功—能定理也适用,但引力不是常量,重力做功要通过定积分求出。
答题过程
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Let the mass be m m m . The outward component of the gravitational force at distance s s s from O O O is
F ( s ) = − m g R 2 s 2 . F(s)=-\frac{mgR^2}{s^2}. F ( s ) = − s 2 m g R 2 .
By the work–energy principle between the surface and distance x x x ,
1 2 m v 2 − 1 2 m U 2 = ∫ R x − m g R 2 s 2 d s . \frac12mv^2-\frac12mU^2
=\int_R^x-\frac{mgR^2}{s^2}\,\mathrm{d}s. 2 1 m v 2 − 2 1 m U 2 = ∫ R x − s 2 m g R 2 d s .
Evaluating the integral,
1 2 m v 2 − 1 2 m U 2 = [ m g R 2 s ] R x = m g R 2 x − m g R . \begin{align*}
\frac12mv^2-\frac12mU^2
=&\,\left[\frac{mgR^2}{s}\right]_R^x\\
=&\,\frac{mgR^2}{x}-mgR.
\end{align*} 2 1 m v 2 − 2 1 m U 2 = = [ s m g R 2 ] R x x m g R 2 − m g R .
Dividing by m / 2 m/2 m /2 and rearranging gives
v 2 = 2 g R 2 x + U 2 − 2 g R . \boxed{v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+U^2-2gR.} v 2 = x 2 g R 2 + U 2 − 2 g R .
(b)
解法一
思路
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将给定的初速率和目标速率分别平方后代入(a)。所得 x x x 是到地心的距离,最后须减去 R R R 才是上升高度 A B AB A B 。
答题过程
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At B B B ,
U 2 = g R , v 2 = 1 4 g R . U^2=gR,\qquad v^2=\frac14gR. U 2 = g R , v 2 = 4 1 g R .
Substituting into part (a),
1 4 g R = 2 g R 2 x + g R − 2 g R , \frac14gR=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+gR-2gR, 4 1 g R = x 2 g R 2 + g R − 2 g R ,
so
5 4 g R = 2 g R 2 x , x = 8 R 5 . \frac54gR=\frac{2gR^2}{x},
\qquad x=\frac{8R}{5}. 4 5 g R = x 2 g R 2 , x = 5 8 R .
The first occurrence is on the upward part of the motion. Since O A = R OA=R O A = R ,
A B = O B − O A = 8 R 5 − R = 3 R 5 . \boxed{AB=OB-OA=\frac{8R}{5}-R=\frac{3R}{5}.} A B = O B − O A = 5 8 R − R = 5 3 R .
(c)
解法一
思路
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逃逸的临界情形允许速率在无限远渐近于零;这不等于在某个有限位置或有限时刻静止。还要说明更小的初速率一定会有有限的转折点。
答题过程
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From part (a),
v 2 = 2 g R 2 x + ( U 2 − 2 g R ) . v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}+(U^2-2gR). v 2 = x 2 g R 2 + ( U 2 − 2 g R ) .
The first term is positive for every finite x ≥ R x\geq R x ≥ R and tends to zero as x → ∞ x\to\infty x → ∞ .
If U 2 < 2 g R U^2<2gR U 2 < 2 g R , setting v = 0 v=0 v = 0 gives the finite turning distance
x t u r n = 2 g R 2 2 g R − U 2 . x_{\mathrm{turn}}=\frac{2gR^2}{2gR-U^2}. x turn = 2 g R − U 2 2 g R 2 .
Thus such a value of U U U does not prevent the particle coming to rest.
If U 2 = 2 g R U^2=2gR U 2 = 2 g R , then
v 2 = 2 g R 2 x > 0 v^2=\frac{2gR^2}{x}>0 v 2 = x 2 g R 2 > 0
at every finite distance. The particle continues outwards, with its speed approaching zero only as x → ∞ x\to\infty x → ∞ ; it does not come to rest at a finite point. Any greater U U U also keeps v 2 v^2 v 2 positive.
Therefore the smallest initial speed is
U min = 2 g R . \boxed{U_{\min}=\sqrt{2gR}.} U m i n = 2 g R .