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M3 2025 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2025 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

5.

One end of a light inextensible string of length aa is attached to a fixed point OO. The other end is attached to a particle PP of mass mm. The particle is held at rest with the string taut and vertical.

The particle is then projected horizontally with speed UU, where U>2agU>\sqrt{2ag}.

When the string is horizontal, it comes into contact with a small smooth peg.

The peg is fixed at the point AA on the same horizontal level as OO, with OA=34aOA=\dfrac34a.

After the string makes contact with AA, the particle PP initially moves in a vertical circle centre AA.

When the string is taut and APAP makes an angle θ\theta with the horizontal, as shown in Figure 5, the speed of PP is VV and the tension in the string is TT.

(a) Show that V2=U2−ag2(4+sin⁡θ)V^2=U^2-\dfrac{ag}2(4+\sin\theta)

(4)

(b) Find TT in terms of mm, gg, UU, aa and θ\theta

(4)

Given that U=19ag8U=\sqrt{\dfrac{19ag}8}

(c) find, in terms of aa, the height of PP above the level of AA when the string goes slack.

(2)
题目中文翻译

一根长为 aa 的不可伸长轻绳的一端连接于固定点 OO,另一端连接于质量为 mm 的质点 PP。将质点保持静止,绳绷紧且竖直。

随后将质点以速率 UU 水平发射,其中 U>2agU>\sqrt{2ag}。

绳水平时,它与一个光滑小钉接触。

小钉固定于与 OO 等高的 AA 点,其中 OA=34aOA=\dfrac34a。

绳与 AA 接触后,质点 PP 最初沿以 AA 为圆心的竖直圆周运动。

如图 5 所示,绳绷紧且 APAP 与水平面成 θ\theta 角时,PP 的速率为 VV,绳中的张力为 TT。

(a) 证明 V2=U2−ag2(4+sin⁡θ)V^2=U^2-\dfrac{ag}2(4+\sin\theta)。

(4)

(b) 用 mm、gg、UU、aa 和 θ\theta 表示 TT。

(4)

已知 U=19ag8U=\sqrt{\dfrac{19ag}8},

(c) 用 aa 表示绳变松时 PP 高于 AA 点所在水平面的高度。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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接触小钉后,有效圆周半径变为余下绳长 a/4a/4。从最初最低点到图示位置的总升高,包含先上升的 aa 及相对小钉的高度。

答题过程

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After contact with the peg, the fixed portion OAOA uses 3a/43a/4 of the string, leaving

AP=a−OA=a4.AP=a-OA=\frac a4.

The initial position is a distance aa below the level of AA. At the illustrated position the particle is (a/4)sin⁡θ(a/4)\sin\theta above that level. Its total vertical rise is therefore

Δh=a+a4sin⁡θ.\Delta h=a+\frac a4\sin\theta.

The string tension does no work. Conservation of energy from projection gives

12mU2−12mV2=mg(a+a4sin⁡θ).\frac12mU^2-\frac12mV^2 =mg\left(a+\frac a4\sin\theta\right).

Multiplying by 2/m2/m,

U2−V2=2ag+ag2sin⁡θ.U^2-V^2=2ag+\frac{ag}{2}\sin\theta.

Rearranging,

V2=U2−ag2(4+sin⁡θ).\boxed{V^2=U^2-\frac{ag}{2}(4+\sin\theta).}

(b)

解法一

思路

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现在的向心方向指向小钉 AA,半径是 a/4a/4。质点在小钉水平面上方时,重力的径向分量与张力同向,不能沿用关于 OO 的半径。

答题过程

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Resolving towards AA, the inward component of the weight is mgsin⁡θmg\sin\theta. Thus

T+mgsin⁡θ=mV2a/4=4mV2a.T+mg\sin\theta=\frac{mV^2}{a/4} =\frac{4mV^2}{a}.

Using part (a),

T= 4ma[U2−ag2(4+sin⁡θ)]−mgsin⁡θ= 4mU2a−2mg(4+sin⁡θ)−mgsin⁡θ= 4mU2a−8mg−3mgsin⁡θ.\begin{align*} T=&\,\frac{4m}{a}\left[U^2-\frac{ag}{2}(4+\sin\theta)\right] -mg\sin\theta\\ =&\,\frac{4mU^2}{a}-2mg(4+\sin\theta)-mg\sin\theta\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{4mU^2}{a}-8mg-3mg\sin\theta}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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松绳对应张力为零,不是速率为零。求出角度的正弦后,以小圆半径乘正弦得到高于小钉的高度。

答题过程

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At slackening T=0T=0. Since U2=19ag/8U^2=19ag/8, part (b) gives

0=4ma19ag8−8mg−3mgsin⁡θ.0=\frac{4m}{a}\frac{19ag}{8}-8mg-3mg\sin\theta.

Cancelling mgmg,

0=192−8−3sin⁡θ,sin⁡θ=12.0=\frac{19}{2}-8-3\sin\theta, \qquad \sin\theta=\frac12.

The height above the level of AA is therefore

h=a4sin⁡θ=a8.\boxed{h=\frac a4\sin\theta=\frac a8.}