One end of a light inextensible string of length a is attached to a fixed point O. The other end is attached to a particle P of mass m. The particle is held at rest with the string taut and vertical.
The particle is then projected horizontally with speed U, where U>2ag.
When the string is horizontal, it comes into contact with a small smooth peg.
The peg is fixed at the point A on the same horizontal level as O, with OA=43a.
After the string makes contact with A, the particle P initially moves in a vertical circle centre A.
When the string is taut and AP makes an angle θ with the horizontal, as shown in Figure 5, the speed of P is V and the tension in the string is T.
(a) Show that V2=U2−2ag(4+sinθ)
(4)
(b) Find T in terms of m, g, U, a and θ
(4)
Given that U=819ag
(c) find, in terms of a, the height of P above the level of A when the string goes slack.
(2)
题目中文翻译
一根长为 a 的不可伸长轻绳的一端连接于固定点 O,另一端连接于质量为 m 的质点 P。将质点保持静止,绳绷紧且竖直。
随后将质点以速率 U 水平发射,其中 U>2ag。
绳水平时,它与一个光滑小钉接触。
小钉固定于与 O 等高的 A 点,其中 OA=43a。
绳与 A 接触后,质点 P 最初沿以 A 为圆心的竖直圆周运动。
如图 5 所示,绳绷紧且 AP 与水平面成 θ 角时,P 的速率为 V,绳中的张力为 T。
(a) 证明 V2=U2−2ag(4+sinθ)。
(4)
(b) 用 m、g、U、a 和 θ 表示 T。
(4)
已知 U=819ag,
(c) 用 a 表示绳变松时 P 高于 A 点所在水平面的高度。
(2)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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接触小钉后,有效圆周半径变为余下绳长 a/4。从最初最低点到图示位置的总升高,包含先上升的 a 及相对小钉的高度。
答题过程
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After contact with the peg, the fixed portion OA uses 3a/4 of the string, leaving
AP=a−OA=4a.
The initial position is a distance a below the level of A. At the illustrated position the particle is (a/4)sinθ above that level. Its total vertical rise is therefore
Δh=a+4asinθ.
The string tension does no work. Conservation of energy from projection gives
21mU2−21mV2=mg(a+4asinθ).
Multiplying by 2/m,
U2−V2=2ag+2agsinθ.
Rearranging,
V2=U2−2ag(4+sinθ).
(b)
解法一
思路
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现在的向心方向指向小钉 A,半径是 a/4。质点在小钉水平面上方时,重力的径向分量与张力同向,不能沿用关于 O 的半径。
答题过程
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Resolving towards A, the inward component of the weight is mgsinθ. Thus