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M3 2025 June Q3

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2025 June Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

3.

A particle PP moves along the xx-axis.

At time tt seconds, where t⩾1t\geqslant1

  • the displacement of PP from OO is xx metres in the positive xx direction, where x<12x<\dfrac12
  • the velocity of PP is v m s−1v\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}} in the positive xx direction
  • the acceleration of PP is a m s−2a\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} in the positive xx direction

Given that

a=4x−2a=4x-2

and that when t=1t=1, x=0x=0 and v=1v=1

(a) find vv in terms of xx,

(4)

(b) find vv in terms of tt.

(5)
题目中文翻译

质点 PP 沿 xx 轴运动。

在 tt 秒时,t⩾1t\geqslant1,

  • PP 相对于 OO 沿 xx 轴正方向的位移为 xx 米,其中 x<12x<\dfrac12;
  • PP 沿 xx 轴正方向的速度为 v m s−1v\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}};
  • PP 沿 xx 轴正方向的加速度为 a m s−2a\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}。

已知

a=4x−2a=4x-2

且 t=1t=1 时,x=0x=0、v=1v=1,

(a) 用 xx 表示 vv;

(4)

(b) 用 tt 表示 vv。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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加速度以位置表示,用链式法则 a=v dv/dxa=v\,\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}x。积分后代初值;开平方时要结合 x<1/2x<1/2 与最初正速度选择分支。

答题过程

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Using a=v dv/dxa=v\,\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}x,

vdvdx=4x−2.v\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}=4x-2.

Separating variables and integrating,

∫v dv=∫(4x−2) dx,12v2=2x2−2x+C.\int v\,\mathrm{d}v=\int(4x-2)\,\mathrm{d}x, \qquad \frac12v^2=2x^2-2x+C.

At t=1t=1, x=0x=0 and v=1v=1, so C=1/2C=1/2. Hence

v2=4x2−4x+1=(1−2x)2.v^2=4x^2-4x+1=(1-2x)^2.

For x<1/2x<1/2, 1−2x>01-2x>0. The velocity starts positive and cannot change sign without vanishing; the only possible zero from this equation is at x=1/2x=1/2, outside the stated domain. Thus

v=1−2x.\boxed{v=1-2x.}

(b)

解法一

思路

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将(a)写成位移的微分方程,分离积分后代入 t=1,x=0t=1,x=0。因为 1−2x>01-2x>0,对数可直接写成 ln⁡(1−2x)\ln(1-2x)。

答题过程

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By part (a),

dxdt=1−2x.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=1-2x.

Separating variables and integrating,

∫11−2x dx=∫dt,−12ln⁡(1−2x)=t+C.\int\frac{1}{1-2x}\,\mathrm{d}x=\int\mathrm{d}t, \qquad -\frac12\ln(1-2x)=t+C.

Using t=1t=1 and x=0x=0 gives C=−1C=-1, so

ln⁡(1−2x)=2−2t,1−2x=e2−2t.\ln(1-2x)=2-2t, \qquad 1-2x=\mathrm{e}^{2-2t}.

Using v=1−2xv=1-2x again,

v=e2−2t m s−1,t≥1.\boxed{v=\mathrm{e}^{2-2t}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}},\qquad t\geq1.}

In particular, x=(1−e2−2t)/2<1/2x=(1-\mathrm{e}^{2-2t})/2<1/2 at every finite time, consistent with the domain.

解法二

思路

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也可对 v=1−2xv=1-2x 关于时间求导,直接得到含 v,tv,t 的微分方程。不能把随位置变化的加速度当作常量。

答题过程

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Differentiate the result of part (a) with respect to time:

dvdt=−2dxdt=−2v.\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} =-2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=-2v.

As v>0v>0, separate variables and integrate:

∫1v dv=−2∫dt,ln⁡v=−2t+C.\int\frac1v\,\mathrm{d}v=-2\int\mathrm{d}t, \qquad \ln v=-2t+C.

At t=1t=1, v=1v=1, so 0=−2+C0=-2+C and C=2C=2. Exponentiating,

v=e2−2t m s−1,t≥1.\boxed{v=\mathrm{e}^{2-2t}\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}},\qquad t\geq1.}