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M3 2025 June Q4

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2025 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

4.

A light elastic string has natural length 3a3a and modulus of elasticity mgmg.

One end of the string is attached to the point AA and the other end is attached to the point BB, where ABAB is horizontal and AB=4aAB=4a.

A particle PP of mass mm is attached to the midpoint of the string.

The particle PP is held at rest at CC, the midpoint of ABAB.

The particle PP is then projected vertically downwards from CC with speed 3ag2\sqrt{\dfrac{3ag}2}

At the instant when PP reaches the point DD, where CD=3a2CD=\dfrac{3a}2, the speed of PP is VV, as shown in Figure 3.

(a) Show that the elastic energy stored in the string increases by 12mga\dfrac12mga, as PP moves downwards from CC to DD.

(3)

Air resistance is modelled as a constant force of magnitude 15mg\dfrac15mg

Using the model and the work-energy principle,

(b) find VV in terms of aa and gg.

(5)
题目中文翻译

一根弹性轻绳的原长为 3a3a,弹性模量为 mgmg。

绳的一端连接于 AA 点,另一端连接于 BB 点,ABAB 水平且 AB=4aAB=4a。

质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接于绳的中点。

将质点 PP 静止保持在 ABAB 的中点 CC。

随后将质点 PP 从 CC 竖直向下以速率 3ag2\sqrt{\dfrac{3ag}2} 发射。

如图 3 所示,PP 到达 DD 点的瞬间的速率为 VV,其中 CD=3a2CD=\dfrac{3a}2。

(a) 证明 PP 从 CC 向下运动到 DD 时,绳中储存的弹性势能增加 12mga\dfrac12mga。

(3)

将空气阻力视为大小为 15mg\dfrac15mg 的恒力。

利用此模型与功—能原理,

(b) 用 aa 和 gg 表示 VV。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

两半绳的原长各为 3a/23a/2,在对称位置的伸长相同。先分别算每半绳的弹性势能,再相加,避免把半绳原长与整绳伸长混用。

答题过程

展开

Each half of the string has natural length 3a/23a/2 and modulus mgmg. At CC, each half has actual length 2a2a, so its extension is a/2a/2. The total elastic energy is

EC=2mg(a/2)22(3a/2)=16mga.E_C=2\frac{mg(a/2)^2}{2(3a/2)}=\frac16mga.

At DD, symmetry and Pythagoras give

AD=BD=(2a)2+(3a2)2=5a2.AD=BD=\sqrt{(2a)^2+\left(\frac{3a}{2}\right)^2} =\frac{5a}{2}.

Each half now has extension 5a/2−3a/2=a5a/2-3a/2=a. Therefore

ED=2mg(a)22(3a/2)=23mga.E_D=2\frac{mg(a)^2}{2(3a/2)}=\frac23mga.

The increase is

ED−EC=(23−16)mga=12mga.\boxed{E_D-E_C=\left(\frac23-\frac16\right)mga =\frac12mga.}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

按功—能原理,重力势能损失用于增加动能、增加弹性势能及克服空气阻力。阻力做功用质点的实际下降路程 3a/23a/2。

答题过程

展开

The vertical fall is 3a/23a/2, so the loss of gravitational potential energy is 3mga/23mga/2. The work done against air resistance is

WR=mg53a2=3mga10.W_R=\frac{mg}{5}\frac{3a}{2}=\frac{3mga}{10}.

The initial speed squared is 3ag/23ag/2. By the work–energy principle and part (a),

mg3a2=(12mV2−12m3ag2)+12mga+3mga10.mg\frac{3a}{2} =\left(\frac12mV^2-\frac12m\frac{3ag}{2}\right) +\frac12mga+\frac{3mga}{10}.

Rearranging,

12mV2=(32+34−12−310)mga=2920mga.\frac12mV^2 =\left(\frac32+\frac34-\frac12-\frac3{10}\right)mga =\frac{29}{20}mga.

Thus

V=29ag10.\boxed{V=\sqrt{\frac{29ag}{10}}.}