题目
4.
A light elastic string has natural length and modulus of elasticity .
One end of the string is attached to the point and the other end is attached to the point , where is horizontal and .
A particle of mass is attached to the midpoint of the string.
The particle is held at rest at , the midpoint of .
The particle is then projected vertically downwards from with speed
At the instant when reaches the point , where , the speed of is , as shown in Figure 3.
(a) Show that the elastic energy stored in the string increases by , as moves downwards from to .
Air resistance is modelled as a constant force of magnitude
Using the model and the work-energy principle,
(b) find in terms of and .
题目中文翻译
一根弹性轻绳的原长为 ,弹性模量为 。
绳的一端连接于 点,另一端连接于 点, 水平且 。
质量为 的质点 连接于绳的中点。
将质点 静止保持在 的中点 。
随后将质点 从 竖直向下以速率 发射。
如图 3 所示, 到达 点的瞬间的速率为 ,其中 。
(a) 证明 从 向下运动到 时,绳中储存的弹性势能增加 。
将空气阻力视为大小为 的恒力。
利用此模型与功—能原理,
(b) 用 和 表示 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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两半绳的原长各为 ,在对称位置的伸长相同。先分别算每半绳的弹性势能,再相加,避免把半绳原长与整绳伸长混用。
答题过程
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Each half of the string has natural length and modulus . At , each half has actual length , so its extension is . The total elastic energy is
At , symmetry and Pythagoras give
Each half now has extension . Therefore
The increase is
(b)
解法一
思路
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按功—能原理,重力势能损失用于增加动能、增加弹性势能及克服空气阻力。阻力做功用质点的实际下降路程 。
答题过程
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The vertical fall is , so the loss of gravitational potential energy is . The work done against air resistance is
The initial speed squared is . By the work–energy principle and part (a),
Rearranging,
Thus