题目
Problem
1.
A particle P P P is moving along the x x x -axis.
At time t t t seconds the displacement of P P P from the origin O O O is x x x metres, where x = 0.6 cos ( k t + π 4 ) x=0.6\cos\big(kt+\dfrac\pi4\big) x = 0.6 cos ( k t + 4 π ) and k k k is a positive constant.
(a) Prove that P P P is moving with simple harmonic motion by showing that
x ¨ = − k 2 x \ddot{x}=-k^2x x ¨ = − k 2 x
(3)
(b) State the amplitude of the motion of P P P
(1)
(c) Find, in terms of k k k , the maximum speed of P P P
(1)
The period of the motion is 4 4 4 seconds.
(d) Find k k k in terms of π \pi π
(2)
The points A A A and B B B lie on the x x x -axis, on opposite sides of O O O , with O A = O B = 0.2 m OA=OB=0.2\,\mathrm{m} O A = O B = 0.2 m
(e) Find the time taken by P P P to move directly from A A A to B B B
(4)
题目中文翻译
质点 P P P 沿 x x x 轴运动。
在 t t t 秒时,P P P 相对于原点 O O O 的位移为 x x x 米,其中 x = 0.6 cos ( k t + π 4 ) x=0.6\cos\big(kt+\dfrac\pi4\big) x = 0.6 cos ( k t + 4 π ) ,k k k 为正常数。
(a) 通过证明下式,证明 P P P 做简谐运动:
x ¨ = − k 2 x \ddot{x}=-k^2x x ¨ = − k 2 x
(3)
(b) 写出 P P P 的运动振幅。
(1)
(c) 用 k k k 表示 P P P 的最大速率。
(1)
运动周期为 4 4 4 秒。
(d) 用 π \pi π 表示 k k k 。
(2)
点 A A A 、B B B 位于 x x x 轴上、O O O 的两侧,且 O A = O B = 0.2 m OA=OB=0.2\,\mathrm{m} O A = O B = 0.2 m 。
(e) 求 P P P 从 A A A 直接运动到 B B B 所用的时间。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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对位移关于时间连续求两次导数,并将原位移式代回。最后说明负号表示加速度始终指向中心,而不只是写出一个微分方程。
答题过程
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Differentiating x = 0.6 cos ( k t + π / 4 ) x=0.6\cos(kt+\pi/4) x = 0.6 cos ( k t + π /4 ) with respect to t t t gives
x ˙ = − 0.6 k sin ( k t + π 4 ) . \dot x=-0.6k\sin\left(kt+\frac\pi4\right). x ˙ = − 0.6 k sin ( k t + 4 π ) .
Differentiating again,
x ¨ = − 0.6 k 2 cos ( k t + π 4 ) = − k 2 x . \ddot x=-0.6k^2\cos\left(kt+\frac\pi4\right)
=\boxed{-k^2x}. x ¨ = − 0.6 k 2 cos ( k t + 4 π ) = − k 2 x .
Since k > 0 k>0 k > 0 , the acceleration is proportional to displacement from O O O and directed towards O O O . Hence P P P moves with SHM about O O O , with angular frequency k k k .
(b)
解法一
思路
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余弦函数的取值范围为 [ − 1 , 1 ] [-1,1] [ − 1 , 1 ] ,所以振幅是位移前的正系数。
答题过程
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Since − 1 ≤ cos ( k t + π / 4 ) ≤ 1 -1\leq\cos(kt+\pi/4)\leq1 − 1 ≤ cos ( k t + π /4 ) ≤ 1 , the extreme displacements are ± 0.6 m \pm0.6\,\mathrm{m} ± 0.6 m . Thus the amplitude is
0.6 m . \boxed{0.6\,\mathrm{m}.} 0.6 m .
(c)
解法一
思路
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由(a)的速度式,正弦的绝对值最大为 1 1 1 。速率要取速度的大小。
答题过程
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From part (a),
∣ x ˙ ∣ = 0.6 k ∣ sin ( k t + π 4 ) ∣ . |\dot x|=0.6k\left|\sin\left(kt+\frac\pi4\right)\right|. ∣ x ˙ ∣ = 0.6 k sin ( k t + 4 π ) .
Therefore
v max = 0.6 k m s − 1 . \boxed{v_{\max}=0.6k\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.} v m a x = 0.6 k m s − 1 .
(d)
解法一
思路
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周期和角频率满足 T = 2 π / ω T=2\pi/\omega T = 2 π / ω ,这里 ω = k \omega=k ω = k 。
答题过程
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The period is T = 2 π / k T=2\pi/k T = 2 π / k . Thus
4 = 2 π k , k = π 2 s − 1 . 4=\frac{2\pi}{k},
\qquad \boxed{k=\frac\pi2\,\mathrm{s^{-1}}.} 4 = k 2 π , k = 2 π s − 1 .
(e)
解法一
思路
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取同一次穿过中心的运动,分别求到达 + 0.2 +0.2 + 0.2 和 − 0.2 -0.2 − 0.2 的时刻,再相减。两个位置不是端点;“直接”运动不包括到端点折返的时间。
答题过程
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By symmetry, the direct travel time between the two positions is the same in either direction. Take the passage from x = + 0.2 x=+0.2 x = + 0.2 to x = − 0.2 x=-0.2 x = − 0.2 , during which the phase increases through π / 2 \pi/2 π /2 and the velocity is negative.
Let the corresponding times be t 1 t_1 t 1 and t 2 t_2 t 2 . Using k = π / 2 k=\pi/2 k = π /2 ,
1 3 = cos ( π 2 t 1 + π 4 ) , − 1 3 = cos ( π 2 t 2 + π 4 ) . \frac13=\cos\left(\frac\pi2t_1+\frac\pi4\right),
\qquad
-\frac13=\cos\left(\frac\pi2t_2+\frac\pi4\right). 3 1 = cos ( 2 π t 1 + 4 π ) , − 3 1 = cos ( 2 π t 2 + 4 π ) .
On this direct passage the phases lie between 0 0 0 and π \pi π . Hence
t 1 = 2 π [ cos − 1 ( 1 3 ) − π 4 ] ≈ 0.28365 s , t_1=\frac2\pi\left[\cos^{-1}\left(\frac13\right)-\frac\pi4\right]
\approx0.28365\,\mathrm{s}, t 1 = π 2 [ cos − 1 ( 3 1 ) − 4 π ] ≈ 0.28365 s ,
t 2 = 2 π [ cos − 1 ( − 1 3 ) − π 4 ] ≈ 0.71635 s . t_2=\frac2\pi\left[\cos^{-1}\left(-\frac13\right)-\frac\pi4\right]
\approx0.71635\,\mathrm{s}. t 2 = π 2 [ cos − 1 ( − 3 1 ) − 4 π ] ≈ 0.71635 s .
The required time is therefore
t 2 − t 1 = 4 π sin − 1 ( 1 3 ) ≈ 0.433 s . \boxed{t_2-t_1=\frac4\pi\sin^{-1}\left(\frac13\right)
\approx0.433\,\mathrm{s}.} t 2 − t 1 = π 4 sin − 1 ( 3 1 ) ≈ 0.433 s .