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M3 2026 Jan Q8

A Level / Edexcel / M3

IAL 2026 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

8.

A particle PP of mass mm is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length 4a4a

The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point OO

The particle is held at the point AA, where OA=4aOA=4a, and OAOA is horizontal, as shown in Figure 5.

The particle is projected vertically downwards with speed 2ag2\sqrt{ag}

When the string makes an angle θ\theta (0⩽θ⩽π2)\big(0\leqslant\theta\leqslant\dfrac\pi2\big) with the downward vertical through OO and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is TT

Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.

(a) Show that T=mg(1+3cos⁡θ)T=mg(1+3\cos\theta)

(6)

(b) Find, in terms of aa and gg, the speed of PP at the lowest point of its path.

(2)

There is a fixed small horizontal peg at the point BB, which is a distance 2a2a vertically below OO. The peg is smooth and is perpendicular to the vertical plane of the motion of PP and the string.

The string comes into contact with the peg and PP continues to move clockwise in the same vertical plane. The point CC is such that CB=2aCB=2a and CBCB is horizontal, as shown in Figure 5.

When the particle passes through CC, the string is still taut.

(c) Find, in terms of aa and gg, the exact speed of the particle at the instant when it passes through CC

(3)

(d) Find, in terms of mm and gg, the tension in the string at the instant when PP reaches OO

(3)
题目中文翻译

质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接于一根长为 4a4a 的不可伸长轻绳的一端,另一端连接于固定点 OO。

如图 5 所示,将质点保持在 AA 点,其中 OA=4aOA=4a 且 OAOA 水平。

将质点以速率 2ag2\sqrt{ag} 竖直向下发射。

绳与过 OO 的竖直向下方向成 θ\theta 角 (0⩽θ⩽π2)\big(0\leqslant\theta\leqslant\dfrac\pi2\big) 且仍绷紧时,绳中的张力为 TT。

假设空气阻力可忽略。

(a) 证明 T=mg(1+3cos⁡θ)T=mg(1+3\cos\theta)。

(6)

(b) 用 aa 和 gg 表示 PP 在其轨迹最低点的速率。

(2)

固定的光滑小水平钉位于 BB 点,BB 位于 OO 正下方距离 2a2a 处。钉垂直于 PP 及绳运动所在的竖直平面。

绳与钉接触后,PP 继续在同一竖直平面内沿顺时针方向运动。如图 5 所示,CB=2aCB=2a 且 CBCB 水平。

质点经过 CC 时,绳仍绷紧。

(c) 用 aa 和 gg 表示质点经过 CC 的瞬间的精确速率。

(3)

(d) 用 mm 和 gg 表示 PP 到达 OO 的瞬间绳中的张力。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先在以 OO 为圆心、半径 4a4a 的阶段写能量,再列向心方程。张力不等于向心合力,须计入重力的径向分量。

答题过程

展开

Let vv be the speed at the general position before the string meets the peg. The particle has fallen through 4acos⁡θ4a\cos\theta from AA. Conservation of energy gives

12m(2ag)2+mg(4acos⁡θ)=12mv2,\frac12m(2\sqrt{ag})^2+mg(4a\cos\theta)=\frac12mv^2,

so

v2=4ag+8agcos⁡θ.(1)v^2=4ag+8ag\cos\theta.\tag{1}

Resolving towards OO,

T−mgcos⁡θ=mv24a.T-mg\cos\theta=\frac{mv^2}{4a}.

Substituting (1),

T=mgcos⁡θ+m4a(4ag+8agcos⁡θ)=mg(1+3cos⁡θ).T=mg\cos\theta+\frac{m}{4a}(4ag+8ag\cos\theta) =\boxed{mg(1+3\cos\theta)}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

最低点对应 θ=0\theta=0。用(a)的能量关系求速率,不要把最低点张力代成重力。

答题过程

展开

At the lowest point, θ=0\theta=0, so (1) gives

v2=4ag+8ag=12ag.v^2=4ag+8ag=12ag.

Therefore

v=12ag.\boxed{v=\sqrt{12ag}.}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

碰到光滑小钉后,圆心由 OO 改成 BB,有效半径为 2a2a。能量仍可从最初的 AA 直接写到 CC,因为张力不做功。

答题过程

展开

After the string meets the peg, OB=2aOB=2a of its total length 4a4a is fixed, leaving a circular radius BP=2aBP=2a. The speed is continuous when the string first meets the smooth peg.

Point CC is at the level of BB, namely 2a2a below the initial level of AA. If its speed there is ww, conservation of energy from AA gives

12m(4ag)+mg(2a)=12mw2.\frac12m(4ag)+mg(2a)=\frac12mw^2.

Thus

w2=8ag,w=8ag.w^2=8ag, \qquad \boxed{w=\sqrt{8ag}.}

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

到达 OO 时,质点处于以小钉 BB 为圆心的小圆最高点。它回到最初的高度,因此速率回到初速率;向心方向向下,重力和张力同向。

答题过程

展开

When the particle reaches OO, it has returned to its initial height. By conservation of energy its speed is therefore

vO=2ag.v_O=2\sqrt{ag}.

The centre of the current circle is BB, its radius is 2a2a, and OO is its highest point. Resolving downwards towards BB,

T+mg=mvO22a=m(4ag)2a=2mg.T+mg=\frac{mv_O^2}{2a} =\frac{m(4ag)}{2a}=2mg.

Hence

T=mg.\boxed{T=mg.}

This is positive. Indeed, if ϕ\phi is measured from the downward vertical about BB, the energy and radial equations give T=mg(4+3cos⁡ϕ)≥mgT=mg(4+3\cos\phi)\geq mg. Thus the string remains taut up to OO.