题目
8.
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length
The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point
The particle is held at the point , where , and is horizontal, as shown in Figure 5.
The particle is projected vertically downwards with speed
When the string makes an angle with the downward vertical through and the string is still taut, the tension in the string is
Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.
(a) Show that
(b) Find, in terms of and , the speed of at the lowest point of its path.
There is a fixed small horizontal peg at the point , which is a distance vertically below . The peg is smooth and is perpendicular to the vertical plane of the motion of and the string.
The string comes into contact with the peg and continues to move clockwise in the same vertical plane. The point is such that and is horizontal, as shown in Figure 5.
When the particle passes through , the string is still taut.
(c) Find, in terms of and , the exact speed of the particle at the instant when it passes through
(d) Find, in terms of and , the tension in the string at the instant when reaches
题目中文翻译
质量为 的质点 连接于一根长为 的不可伸长轻绳的一端,另一端连接于固定点 。
如图 5 所示,将质点保持在 点,其中 且 水平。
将质点以速率 竖直向下发射。
绳与过 的竖直向下方向成 角 且仍绷紧时,绳中的张力为 。
假设空气阻力可忽略。
(a) 证明 。
(b) 用 和 表示 在其轨迹最低点的速率。
固定的光滑小水平钉位于 点, 位于 正下方距离 处。钉垂直于 及绳运动所在的竖直平面。
绳与钉接触后, 继续在同一竖直平面内沿顺时针方向运动。如图 5 所示, 且 水平。
质点经过 时,绳仍绷紧。
(c) 用 和 表示质点经过 的瞬间的精确速率。
(d) 用 和 表示 到达 的瞬间绳中的张力。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先在以 为圆心、半径 的阶段写能量,再列向心方程。张力不等于向心合力,须计入重力的径向分量。
答题过程
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Let be the speed at the general position before the string meets the peg. The particle has fallen through from . Conservation of energy gives
so
Resolving towards ,
Substituting (1),
(b)
解法一
思路
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最低点对应 。用(a)的能量关系求速率,不要把最低点张力代成重力。
答题过程
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At the lowest point, , so (1) gives
Therefore
(c)
解法一
思路
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碰到光滑小钉后,圆心由 改成 ,有效半径为 。能量仍可从最初的 直接写到 ,因为张力不做功。
答题过程
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After the string meets the peg, of its total length is fixed, leaving a circular radius . The speed is continuous when the string first meets the smooth peg.
Point is at the level of , namely below the initial level of . If its speed there is , conservation of energy from gives
Thus
(d)
解法一
思路
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到达 时,质点处于以小钉 为圆心的小圆最高点。它回到最初的高度,因此速率回到初速率;向心方向向下,重力和张力同向。
答题过程
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When the particle reaches , it has returned to its initial height. By conservation of energy its speed is therefore
The centre of the current circle is , its radius is , and is its highest point. Resolving downwards towards ,
Hence
This is positive. Indeed, if is measured from the downward vertical about , the energy and radial equations give . Thus the string remains taut up to .