题目
Problem
2.
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.
A particle is moving along the x-axis.
At time t seconds, t⩾0
- the particle has velocity vms−1 in the positive x direction
- the particle has acceleration (3−2t+38)ms−2 in the positive x direction
When t=0, the particle passes through the origin with velocity 2(ln3)ms−1 in the positive x direction.
(a) Use algebraic integration to show that v=pt+qln(2t+3)+rln3, where p, q and r are constants to be found.
(4)
(b) Use algebraic integration to find the distance of the particle from the origin at time t=3, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(4)
题目中文翻译
本题必须展示所有计算步骤。
不接受完全依赖计算器技术的解法。
一个质点沿 x 轴运动。
在 t 秒时,t⩾0,
- 质点沿 x 轴正方向的速度为 vms−1;
- 质点沿 x 轴正方向的加速度为 (3−2t+38)ms−2。
当 t=0 时,质点以沿 x 轴正方向的速度 2(ln3)ms−1 经过原点。
(a) 用代数积分证明 v=pt+qln(2t+3)+rln3,其中 p、q、r 为待求常数。
(4)
(b) 用代数积分求 t=3 时质点到原点的距离,答案保留 3 位有效数字。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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加速度是时间的函数,直接对时间积分。积分对数项时要包含内层函数导数带来的系数,再用初速度确定常数。
答题过程
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Since dv/dt=3−8/(2t+3),
v=∫(3−2t+38)dt=3t−4ln(2t+3)+C.
Here 2t+3>0 for t≥0. The initial condition gives
2ln3=−4ln3+C⟹C=6ln3.
Thus
v=3t−4ln(2t+3)+6ln3,p=3,q=−4,r=6.
(b)
解法一
思路
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再对速度积分求位置。对 ln(2t+3) 使用分部积分,并用过原点的条件求第二个常数。最后检查位置与运动方向,才把位置值作为到原点的距离。
答题过程
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For the logarithmic term, integration by parts gives
∫ln(2t+3)dt=tln(2t+3)−∫2t+32tdt.
Since 2t/(2t+3)=1−3/(2t+3),
∫ln(2t+3)dt=tln(2t+3)−t+23ln(2t+3).
Integrating the expression in (a),
x=23t2+(6ln3)t−4tln(2t+3)+4t−6ln(2t+3)+D.
At t=0, x=0, so D=6ln3. Therefore
x(3)=227+18ln3−12ln9+12−6ln9+6ln3=251−12ln3.
Also, for t≥0,
dtdv=3−2t+38≥31>0,
and v(0)=2ln3>0. Hence the particle moves away from the origin throughout, and its distance from the origin at t=3 is
251−12ln3=12.3 m(3 s.f.).