题目
6.
A thin fixed horizontal shelf has length .
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length .
The other end of the string is attached to the underneath of the shelf at .
The particle is hanging at rest at , vertically below , when it is projected horizontally with speed .
The particle starts to move, with the string taut, in a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the plane of the shelf. The edge of the shelf is perpendicular to the circular path of the particle.
Air resistance is ignored.
When the string is horizontal, the string wraps round the end of the shelf and the particle continues to move in the vertical plane.
The particle follows the path , as shown in Figure 5.
The point on the circular path of the particle is such that
(a) Find, in terms of , , and , the tension in the string at the instant when the particle is at .
The point is vertically above , with .
Given that the particle is still moving in a vertical circle when it reaches
(b) show that
At the instant when the particle is at , the particle breaks free from the string.
The particle moves freely under gravity and first lands on the shelf at the point .
Given that
(c) find, in terms of , the distance .
题目中文翻译
一块固定的水平薄搁板 长为 。
质量为 的质点连接于一根长为 的不可伸长轻绳的一端,另一端连接于搁板下侧的 点。
质点静止悬挂于 正下方的 点,然后以速率 水平发射。
质点开始在垂直于搁板平面的竖直平面内运动,绳绷紧。搁板边缘垂直于质点的圆周运动路径。
忽略空气阻力。
绳水平时,绳绕过搁板端部,质点继续在该竖直平面内运动。
如图 5 所示,质点沿路径 运动。
质点圆周路径上的 点满足 。
(a) 用 、、 和 表示质点位于 的瞬间绳中的张力。
点位于 正上方,。
已知质点到达 时仍在做竖直圆周运动,
(b) 证明 。
质点位于 的瞬间挣脱绳,随后仅在重力作用下自由运动,并首次落在搁板上的 点。
已知 ,
(c) 用 表示距离 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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到 时仍绕 做半径 的圆周运动。先由上升高度求速率,再沿指向 的径向分解;重力的径向分量背离圆心。
答题过程
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From to , the rise is
If the speed at is , conservation of energy gives
Taking radially towards as positive at ,
Substitution gives
(b)
解法一
思路
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绳绕过搁板后,剩余自由长度为 ,所以到 时的圆心是 、半径是 。使用从最初位置起的总上升高度 ,再用最高点张力非负的条件。
答题过程
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After the string wraps around the shelf, the length along is , leaving a free length . Thus is the top of a circle centred at with radius .
The rise from to is . If the speed at is , energy conservation gives
At , the tension and weight both act downwards towards :
The string cannot push, so . Consequently,
Since is positive,
Equality corresponds to zero tension at the top while the speed remains , so it is the limiting circular-motion case.
(c)
解法一
思路
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到达小圆最高点时速度水平向左。挣脱后从高为 的位置作平抛,竖直初速度为零;先求下落时间,再算水平距离并检查落点在搁板上。
答题过程
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Using in (b),
At the top , the velocity is horizontal towards . The particle falls a vertical distance with zero initial vertical velocity. Hence
The horizontal distance travelled from the vertical line through is
Since , the first intersection with shelf level lies on the shelf, between and .