题目
Problem
2.
Figure 1 shows a uniform rod AB of mass M and length 3a.
The rod is smoothly hinged at A to a fixed point so that the rod can rotate in a vertical plane.
A small smooth ring is fixed at point C, a distance 3a from A, on the same horizontal level as A and in the same vertical plane as AB.
One end of a light elastic string is attached to A. The string passes through the ring at C and the other end of the string is attached to B.
The rod rests in equilibrium with angle BCA=θ∘, where 0<θ<45
(a) Show that the tension in the string is 2sinθ∘Mgcos(2θ∘)
(3)
Given that the string has natural length 3a and modulus of elasticity 52Mg,
(b) show that tan(2θ∘)=45
(4)
题目中文翻译
图 1 所示的均匀杆 AB 的质量为 M,长为 3a。
杆在 A 点光滑铰接于固定点,可在竖直平面内转动。
一个光滑小环固定于 C 点,C 距 A 为 3a,与 A 等高,且位于 AB 所在的竖直平面内。
弹性轻绳的一端连接于 A,绳穿过 C 点的小环,另一端连接于 B。
杆静止平衡,∠BCA=θ∘,其中 0<θ<45。
(a) 证明绳中的张力为 2sinθ∘Mgcos(2θ∘)。
(3)
已知绳的原长为 3a,弹性模量为 52Mg,
(b) 证明 tan(2θ∘)=45。
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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三角形 ABC 是等腰三角形,可由底角求杆与水平线的夹角。绕铰链 A 取矩,消去铰链反力,并使用均匀杆中点的重力力臂。
答题过程
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Since AB=AC=3a, the base angles at B and C are both θ∘. Thus
∠BAC=180∘−2θ∘,
and the rod makes angle 2θ∘ above the horizontal to the right of A.
Let the string tension be T. Taking moments about A, the tension at B has moment arm 3asinθ∘. The weight acts at the midpoint of the rod, with horizontal moment arm (3a/2)cos(2θ∘). Therefore
T(3asinθ∘)=Mg(23acos(2θ∘)).
Since 0<θ<45, sinθ∘>0, so
T=2sinθ∘Mgcos(2θ∘).
(b)
解法一
思路
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整根绳的原长恰好等于 AC,因此整根绳的伸长量等于 BC,而不是 BC−3a。先求 BC,再将胡克定律与第(a)问的张力相等。
答题过程
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In the isosceles triangle ABC, projecting the two equal sides onto BC gives
BC=2(3a)cosθ∘=6acosθ∘.
The string has total length AC+CB=3a+6acosθ∘. Its extension beyond natural length 3a is therefore 6acosθ∘. By Hooke’s law,
T=3a(2Mg/5)(6acosθ∘)=54Mgcosθ∘.
Equating this with (a),
54Mgcosθ∘=2sinθ∘Mgcos(2θ∘),
so
58sinθ∘cosθ∘=cos(2θ∘)⟹54sin(2θ∘)=cos(2θ∘).
Since 0<2θ<90, division by the positive cosine is valid. Hence
tan(2θ∘)=45.