题目
Problem
4.
The shaded region shown in Figure 3 is bounded by the positive x-axis, the positive y-axis and the curve with equation (x+3)2+y2=25
The unit of length on both of the axes is 1m.
The shaded region is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution which is used to model a uniform solid S.
The volume of S is 352πm3
(a) Show, using algebraic integration, that the centre of mass of S is 139m from O.
(6)
A solid T, which is the same size and shape as S, is removed from a uniform solid hemisphere of radius 4m. The plane face of T is the plane face of the hemisphere.
The solid remaining is in the shape of a bowl, shown in Figure 4, where A and B are points on the circular rim of the bowl and AB is a diameter of the rim.
The centre of mass of the bowl is d metres from the midpoint of AB.
(b) Show that d=1939
(4)
The bowl is now suspended from A and hangs freely in equilibrium with AB at θ∘ to the downward vertical.
(c) Find the value of θ
(2)
题目中文翻译
图 3 所示的阴影区域由 x 轴正半轴、y 轴正半轴及曲线 (x+3)2+y2=25 围成。
两个坐标轴上的长度单位均为 1m。
将阴影区域绕 x 轴旋转 2π 弧度,形成旋转体,用来模拟均匀立体 S。
S 的体积为 352πm3。
(a) 用代数积分证明 S 的质心到 O 的距离为 139m。
(6)
从半径为 4m 的均匀实心半球中挖去与 S 大小、形状相同的立体 T。T 的平面底面与半球的平面底面重合。
剩余立体的形状为图 4 所示的碗,A、B 位于碗口圆周上,AB 是碗口的直径。
碗的质心到 AB 中点的距离为 d 米。
(b) 证明 d=1939。
(4)
现在将碗从 A 悬挂,使其自由悬挂平衡,AB 与竖直向下方向成 θ∘ 角。
(c) 求 θ 的值。
(2)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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绕 x 轴旋转,圆盘截面积要用 πy2。积分范围由曲线与正 x 轴的交点决定;将质量矩除以给定体积,密度会约去。
答题过程
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On the positive x-axis, (x+3)2=25 gives x=2. For 0≤x≤2,
y2=25−(x+3)2=16−6x−x2.
Let ρ be the uniform density. The first mass moment about the plane x=0 is
J=ρπ∫02x(16−6x−x2)dx=ρπ∫02(16x−6x2−x3)dx.
Algebraic integration gives
J=ρπ[8x2−2x3−4x4]02=ρπ(32−16−4)=12ρπ.
Using the given volume 52π/3, the mass is 52ρπ/3. Hence
xˉ=52ρπ/312ρπ=139 m.
By rotational symmetry the centre of mass lies on the x-axis, so this is its distance from O.
(b)
解法一
思路
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以碗口平面为共同参考面,将挖掉的立体作为负质量。实心半球质心距平面为 3r/8,挖去部分的质心距离承接第(a)问。
答题过程
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Let H be the midpoint of AB and measure depth perpendicular to the rim plane into the bowl. The original hemisphere has volume and centre-of-mass depth
VH=32π(4)3=3128π,zH=83(4)=23 m.
The removed solid has volume 52π/3 and centre-of-mass depth 9/13 m. Using a common density ρ, subtraction of mass moments gives
ρ(3128π−352π)d=ρ3128π23−ρ352π139.
Thus
376d=64−12=52⟹d=1939 m.
(c)
解法一
思路
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自由悬挂时,悬点 A 与质心 G 的连线竖直向下。利用原来互相垂直的 AH 和 HG 求出 AB 与这条竖直线的夹角。
答题过程
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Let G be the centre of mass and H the midpoint of AB. By symmetry, HG is perpendicular to the rim plane, with
AH=4 m,HG=1939 m.
When the bowl hangs freely from A, AG is vertically downwards. Since AH lies along AB, the required angle is ∠HAG. In the right triangle AHG,
tanθ∘=AHHG=439/19=7639.
Therefore
θ=tan−1(7639)=27.2(3 s.f.).