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IAL 2023 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / P1

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

The points PP, QQ and RR have coordinates (3,7)(-3,7), (9,11)(9,11) and (12,2)(12,2) respectively.

(a) Prove that angle PQR=90PQR=90^\circ.

(3)

Given that the point SS is such that PQRSPQRS forms a rectangle,

(b) find the coordinates of SS.

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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PQRPQR 的顶点是 QQ,所以要看线段 QPQPQRQR 是否垂直。两条非竖直直线垂直时,斜率乘积为 1-1

答题过程

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Find the gradients of PQPQ and QRQR:

mPQ=1179(3)=412=13,mQR=211129=93=3.\begin{align*} m_{PQ} =&\,\frac{11-7}{9-(-3)} =\frac4{12} =\frac13,\\ m_{QR} =&\,\frac{2-11}{12-9} =\frac{-9}{3} =-3. \end{align*}

Then

mPQmQR=13(3)=1.\begin{align*} m_{PQ}m_{QR} =&\,\frac13(-3)\\ =&\,-1. \end{align*}

Therefore PQPQ and QRQR are perpendicular, so

PQR=90.\begin{align*} \angle PQR=90^\circ. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以用勾股定理。若 PQ2+QR2=PR2PQ^2+QR^2=PR^2,并且这两条较短边在 QQ 相交,则 QQ 处是直角。

答题过程

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Calculate the squared lengths:

PQ2=(9(3))2+(117)2=122+42=160,QR2=(129)2+(211)2=32+(9)2=90,PR2=(12(3))2+(27)2=152+(5)2=250.\begin{align*} PQ^2 =&\,(9-(-3))^2+(11-7)^2\\ =&\,12^2+4^2\\ =&\,160,\\ QR^2 =&\,(12-9)^2+(2-11)^2\\ =&\,3^2+(-9)^2\\ =&\,90,\\ PR^2 =&\,(12-(-3))^2+(2-7)^2\\ =&\,15^2+(-5)^2\\ =&\,250. \end{align*}

Since

PQ2+QR2=160+90=250=PR2,\begin{align*} PQ^2+QR^2 =&\,160+90\\ =&\,250\\ =&\,PR^2, \end{align*}

angle PQRPQR is a right angle. Hence

PQR=90.\begin{align*} \angle PQR=90^\circ. \end{align*}

解法三

思路

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向量点积为 00 表示两个向量垂直。这里用从 QQ 出发的两个向量 QP\overrightarrow{QP}QR\overrightarrow{QR} 最直接。

答题过程

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Use vectors from QQ:

QP=(39711)=(124),QR=(129211)=(39).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{QP} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}-3-9\\7-11\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}-12\\-4\end{pmatrix},\\ \overrightarrow{QR} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}12-9\\2-11\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}3\\-9\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Their scalar product is

QPQR=(12)(3)+(4)(9)=36+36=0.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{QP}\cdot \overrightarrow{QR} =&\,(-12)(3)+(-4)(-9)\\ =&\,-36+36\\ =&\,0. \end{align*}

Therefore QP\overrightarrow{QP} and QR\overrightarrow{QR} are perpendicular, so

PQR=90.\begin{align*} \angle PQR=90^\circ. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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矩形 PQRSPQRS 的顶点按顺序排列,所以从 QQRR 的位移,等于从 PPSS 的位移。先求 QR\overrightarrow{QR},再加到点 PP 上。

答题过程

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The vector from QQ to RR is

QR=(129211)=(39).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{QR} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}12-9\\2-11\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\begin{pmatrix}3\\-9\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Since PQRSPQRS is a rectangle,

PS=QR.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{PS}=\overrightarrow{QR}. \end{align*}

So

S=(3,7)+(3,9)=(0,2).\begin{align*} S =&\,(-3,7)+(3,-9)\\ =&\,(0,-2). \end{align*}

Therefore

S=(0,2).\begin{align*} S=(0,-2). \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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矩形的对角线互相平分。也就是说,PRPRQSQS 有同一个中点。先求 PRPR 的中点,再用这个中点倒推出 SS

答题过程

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The midpoint of PRPR is

(3+122,7+22)=(92,92).\begin{align*} \left( \frac{-3+12}{2}, \frac{7+2}{2} \right) =\left(\frac92,\frac92\right). \end{align*}

Let S=(x,y)S=(x,y). Since the midpoint of QSQS is the same point,

(9+x2,11+y2)=(92,92).\begin{align*} \left( \frac{9+x}{2}, \frac{11+y}{2} \right) =\left(\frac92,\frac92\right). \end{align*}

Hence

9+x=9,11+y=9.\begin{align*} 9+x=&\,9, &11+y=&\,9. \end{align*}

So

x=0,y=2.\begin{align*} x=0, \qquad y=-2. \end{align*}

Therefore

S=(0,2).\begin{align*} S=(0,-2). \end{align*}

解法三

思路

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利用平行线与联立方程组法。 由于 PQRSPQRS 构成一个矩形,其对边必须相互平行。我们可以得出:

  • 直线 PSPS 平行于 QRQR,因此它的斜率 mPS=mQR=3m_{PS} = m_{QR} = -3。由于直线 PSPS 经过点 P(3,7)P(-3,7),我们可以写出直线 PSPS 的方程。
  • 直线 RSRS 平行于 PQPQ,因此它的斜率 mRS=mPQ=13m_{RS} = m_{PQ} = \frac{1}{3}。由于直线 RSRS 经过点 R(12,2)R(12,2),我们可以写出直线 RSRS 的方程。

联立直线 PSPS 和直线 RSRS 的方程求得交点,即为点 SS 的坐标。

答题过程

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Since PQRSPQRS is a rectangle, the opposite sides are parallel.

Line PSPS is parallel to QRQR, so its gradient is:

mPS=mQR=3\begin{align*} m_{PS} = m_{QR} = -3 \end{align*}

Using point P(3,7)P(-3,7), the equation of line PSPS is:

y7=3(x(3))y7=3x9y=3x2.\begin{align*} y - 7 =&\,\, -3(x - (-3))\\[3mm] y - 7 =&\,\, -3x - 9\\[3mm] y =&\,\, -3x - 2. \end{align*}

Line RSRS is parallel to PQPQ, so its gradient is:

mRS=mPQ=13m_{RS} = m_{PQ} = \frac{1}{3}

\begin{align*} Using point R(12,2)R(12,2), the equation of line RSRS is: \end{align*}

y2=13(x12)y2=13x4y=13x2.\begin{align*} y - 2 =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}(x - 12)\\[3mm] y - 2 =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x - 4\\[3mm] y =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x - 2. \end{align*}

Solve the equations for line PSPS and line RSRS simultaneously:

3x2=13x2103x=0x=0.\begin{align*} -3x - 2 =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x - 2\\[3mm] -\frac{10}{3}x =&\,\, 0\\[3mm] x =&\,\, 0. \end{align*}

\begin{align*} Substituting x=0x = 0 back into y=3x2y = -3x - 2 gives: \end{align*}

y=3(0)2=2.y = -3(0) - 2 = -2.

Therefore, the coordinates of SS are:

S=(0,2).S = (0, -2).