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IAL 2022 May Q1

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Find the first four terms, in ascending powers of xx, of the binomial expansion of

(2+38x)10\left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10}

Give each coefficient as an integer.

(4)
题目中文翻译

求出二项式展开式 (2+38x)10\left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} 展开项中按 xx 升序排列的前四项。将每个系数写为整数。

解答

解法一

思路

展开

这里我们需要使用二项式定理(Binomial Theorem)直接展开:

(a+b)n=an+(n1)an1b+(n2)an2b2+(n3)an3b3+(a + b)^n = a^n + \binom{n}{1} a^{n-1} b + \binom{n}{2} a^{n-2} b^2 + \binom{n}{3} a^{n-3} b^3 + \cdots

在此题中:

  • a=2a = 2
  • b=38xb = \frac{3}{8}x
  • n=10n = 10

我们要找到前四项(即包含常数项、 xx 项、 x2x^2 项和 x3x^3 项)。 计算各组合数系数:

  • (101)=10\binom{10}{1} = 10
  • (102)=10×92=45\binom{10}{2} = \frac{10 \times 9}{2} = 45
  • (103)=10×9×83×2×1=120\binom{10}{3} = \frac{10 \times 9 \times 8}{3 \times 2 \times 1} = 120

依次展开并把分母中的 8,82,838, 8^2, 8^3 与前面的 29,28,272^9, 2^8, 2^7 进行约分化简,确保系数均算出最终整数。

答题过程

展开

Using the binomial expansion formula:

(2+38x)10=210+(101)29(38x)+(102)28(38x)2+(103)27(38x)3+\begin{align*} \left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} =&\,\, 2^{10} + \binom{10}{1} 2^9 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right) + \binom{10}{2} 2^8 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right)^2\\[4mm] &\,\, + \binom{10}{3} 2^7 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right)^3 + \cdots \end{align*}

Now calculate each term individually:

  • First term (constant): 210=10242^{10} = 1024

  • Second term (xx): (101)29(38x)=10×512×38x=1920x\binom{10}{1} 2^9 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right) = 10 \times 512 \times \frac{3}{8}x = 1920x

  • Third term (x2x^2): (102)28(38x)2=45×256×964x2=45×4×9x2=1620x2\binom{10}{2} 2^8 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right)^2 = 45 \times 256 \times \frac{9}{64}x^2 = 45 \times 4 \times 9 x^2 = 1620x^2

  • Fourth term (x3x^3): (103)27(38x)3=120×128×27512x3=120×14×27x3=810x3\binom{10}{3} 2^7 \left(\frac{3}{8}x\right)^3 = 120 \times 128 \times \frac{27}{512}x^3 = 120 \times \frac{1}{4} \times 27 x^3 = 810x^3

Combining these terms:

(2+38x)10=1024+1920x+1620x2+810x3+\left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} = 1024 + 1920x + 1620x^2 + 810x^3 + \cdots

解法二

思路

展开

我们可以先把括号内的常数项 22 提出来,化为标准形式 (1+y)n(1 + y)^n 来展开:

(2+38x)10=[2(1+316x)]10=210(1+316x)10\left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} = \left[ 2 \left( 1 + \frac{3}{16}x \right) \right]^{10} = 2^{10} \left( 1 + \frac{3}{16}x \right)^{10}

接着对括号内利用标准二项式展开公式:

(1+y)10=1+10y+45y2+120y3+(1 + y)^{10} = 1 + 10y + 45y^2 + 120y^3 + \cdots

其中代入 y=316xy = \frac{3}{16}x,然后再整体乘以 210=10242^{10} = 1024。这种方法不容易在处理大数(如 29,282^9, 2^8)和分母约分时出错。

答题过程

展开

Factor out 22 from the brackets:

(2+38x)10=[2(1+316x)]10=1024(1+316x)10\begin{align*} \left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} =&\,\, \left[ 2 \left(1 + \frac{3}{16}x\right) \right]^{10} \\[4mm] =&\,\, 1024 \left( 1 + \frac{3}{16}x \right)^{10} \end{align*}

Now expand (1+316x)10\left( 1 + \frac{3}{16}x \right)^{10}:

(1+316x)10=1+(101)(316x)+(102)(316x)2+(103)(316x)3+=1+10(316x)+45(9256x2)+120(274096x3)+=1+158x+405256x2+405512x3+\begin{align*} \left( 1 + \frac{3}{16}x \right)^{10} =&\,\, 1 + \binom{10}{1} \left(\frac{3}{16}x\right) + \binom{10}{2} \left(\frac{3}{16}x\right)^2 + \binom{10}{3} \left(\frac{3}{16}x\right)^3 + \cdots \\[4mm] =&\,\, 1 + 10 \left(\frac{3}{16}x\right) + 45 \left(\frac{9}{256}x^2\right) + 120 \left(\frac{27}{4096}x^3\right) + \cdots \\[4mm] =&\,\, 1 + \frac{15}{8}x + \frac{405}{256}x^2 + \frac{405}{512}x^3 + \cdots \end{align*}

Multiply the expansion by 10241024:

(2+38x)10=1024(1+158x+405256x2+405512x3+)=1024+1920x+1620x2+810x3+\begin{align*} \left( 2 + \frac{3}{8}x \right)^{10} =&\,\, 1024 \left( 1 + \frac{15}{8}x + \frac{405}{256}x^2 + \frac{405}{512}x^3 + \cdots \right) \\[4mm] =&\,\, 1024 + 1920x + 1620x^2 + 810x^3 + \cdots \end{align*}