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IAL 2022 May Q2

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

Figure 1 shows the graph of

y=1log10(sinx)0<x<πy = 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \quad 0 < x < \pi

where xx is in radians.

The table below shows some values of xx and yy for this graph, with values of yy given to 3 decimal places.

xx0.50.5111.51.5222.52.533
yy1.3191.3191.0011.0011.2231.2231.8501.850

(a) Complete the table above, giving values of yy to 3 decimal places.

(2)

(b) Use the trapezium rule with all the yy values in the completed table to find, to 2 decimal places, an estimate for

0.53(1log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x

(3)

(c) Use your answer to part (b) to find an estimate for

0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x

(3)
题目中文翻译

图 1 给出了函数图象: y=1log10(sinx)0<x<πy = 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \quad 0 < x < \pi 其中 xx 的单位是弧度。

下表给出了图象上的一些 xxyy 的对应值(其中 yy 保留三位小数):

xx0.50.5111.51.5222.52.533
yy1.3191.3191.0011.0011.2231.2231.8501.850

(a) 补全上方表格,将 yy 的值保留三位小数。 (2)

(b) 利用梯形法则(使用已补全表格中的所有 yy 值),求出积分: 0.53(1log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x 的估算值,保留两位小数。 (3)

(c) 利用 (b) 问的答案,求出积分: 0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x 的估算值。 (3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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这里我们需要代入 x=1x = 1x=2x = 2 到函数表达式 y=1log10(sinx)y = 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) 中,利用计算器计算出对应的值。 需要特别注意:计算器的角度模式必须设置为弧度(Radians),因为题目中明确指出 xx is in radians。

  • x=1x = 1 时: y=1log10(sin1)y = 1 - \log_{10}(\sin 1)
  • x=2x = 2 时: y=1log10(sin2)y = 1 - \log_{10}(\sin 2)

计算并四舍五入到 3 位小数。

答题过程

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Ensure the calculator is set to radians mode.

  • For x=1x = 1:

    y=1log10(sin1)1log10(0.84147...)1(0.07496...)1.075\begin{align*} y =&\,\, 1 - \log_{10}(\sin 1) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1 - \log_{10}(0.84147...) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1 - (-0.07496...) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1.075 \end{align*}
  • For x=2x = 2:

    y=1log10(sin2)1log10(0.90929...)1(0.04129...)1.041\begin{align*} y =&\,\, 1 - \log_{10}(\sin 2) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1 - \log_{10}(0.90929...) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1 - (-0.04129...) \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 1.041 \end{align*}

The completed table is:

xx0.50.5111.51.5222.52.533
yy1.3191.3191.0751.0751.0011.0011.0411.0411.2231.2231.8501.850

(b)

解法一

思路

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利用梯形法则(Trapezium Rule)估算定积分:

abydxh2[y0+yn+2(y1+y2++yn1)]\int_{a}^{b} y \, \mathrm{d}x \approx \frac{h}{2} \left[ y_0 + y_n + 2(y_1 + y_2 + \cdots + y_{n-1}) \right]

其中:

  • 步长 h=30.55=0.5h = \frac{3 - 0.5}{5} = 0.5 (或者通过相邻 xx 的差直接看出 h=0.5h = 0.5)。
  • 边界项 y0=1.319y_0 = 1.319, y5=1.850y_5 = 1.850
  • 中间项 y1=1.075y_1 = 1.075, y2=1.001y_2 = 1.001, y3=1.041y_3 = 1.041, y4=1.223y_4 = 1.223

代入公式计算,最终保留 2 位小数。

答题过程

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The step width is h=0.5h = 0.5.

Applying the trapezium rule:

I=0.53ydxh2[y0+y5+2(y1+y2+y3+y4)]=0.52[1.319+1.850+2(1.075+1.001+1.041+1.223)]=0.25[3.169+2(4.340)]=0.25[3.169+8.680]=0.25×11.849=2.962252.96\begin{align*} I =&\,\, \int_{0.5}^{3} y \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] \approx& \,\, \frac{h}{2} \Big[ y_0 + y_5 + 2(y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4) \Big] \\[4mm] =&\,\, \frac{0.5}{2} \Big[ 1.319 + 1.850 + 2(1.075 + 1.001 + 1.041 + 1.223) \Big] \\[4mm] =&\,\, 0.25 \Big[ 3.169 + 2(4.340) \Big] \\[4mm] =&\,\, 0.25 \Big[ 3.169 + 8.680 \Big] \\[4mm] =&\,\, 0.25 \times 11.849 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 2.96225 \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 2.96 \end{align*}

Thus, the estimate for the integral is 2.962.96.


(c)

解法一:被积函数线性代数重组法

思路

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题目要求估算 0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x 且提示利用 (b) 问的结论。 由于直接积分 log10(sinx)\log_{10}(\sin x) 极其困难,我们应当建立该被积函数与 (b) 中被积函数 y=1log10(sinx)y = 1 - \log_{10}(\sin x) 之间的代数关系:

3+log10(sinx)=4(1log10(sinx))3 + \log_{10}(\sin x) = 4 - (1 - \log_{10}(\sin x))

这样,我们就可以利用积分的线性性质,把积分拆开:

0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx=0.534dx0.53(1log10(sinx))dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_{0.5}^{3} 4 \, \mathrm{d}x - \int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x

第一项是一个常数定积分,可以直接算出:

0.534dx=[4x]0.53=4×34×0.5=122=10\int_{0.5}^{3} 4 \, \mathrm{d}x = [4x]_{0.5}^3 = 4 \times 3 - 4 \times 0.5 = 12 - 2 = 10

第二项就是 (b) 问估算出的积分值 2.962.96。 代入即可轻松求出结果。

答题过程

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Observe the algebraic relationship between the two integrands:

3+log10(sinx)=4(1log10(sinx))3 + \log_{10}(\sin x) = 4 - \left( 1 - \log_{10}(\sin x) \right)

We can split the integral using this relationship:

0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx=0.534dx0.53(1log10(sinx))dx=[4x]0.530.53(1log10(sinx))dx=(4×34×0.5)2.96225...=102.96225...7.04\begin{align*} &\,\, \int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\,\, \int_{0.5}^{3} 4 \, \mathrm{d}x - \int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\,\, \Big[ 4x \Big]_{0.5}^{3} - \int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 1 - \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\,\, (4 \times 3 - 4 \times 0.5) - 2.96225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, 10 - 2.96225... \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 7.04 \end{align*}

Therefore, the estimated value is 7.047.04 (or 7.047.04 follow-through on their value in part b).

解法二:对数积分部分项提取法

思路

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同样可以通过提取部分项来计算。由于:

1log10(sinx)=y    log10(sinx)=1y1 - \log_{10}(\sin x) = y \implies \log_{10}(\sin x) = 1 - y

我们可以首先从 (b) 中提取出 log10(sinx)\log_{10}(\sin x) 这一部分的定积分值:

0.53log10(sinx)dx=0.531dx0.53ydx\int_{0.5}^{3} \log_{10}(\sin x) \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_{0.5}^{3} 1 \, \mathrm{d}x - \int_{0.5}^{3} y \, \mathrm{d}x =[x]0.53Ib=2.52.96=0.46= [x]_{0.5}^3 - I_b = 2.5 - 2.96 = -0.46

然后再把这一部分代回 (c) 中的原式:

0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx=0.533dx+0.53log10(sinx)dx\int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_{0.5}^{3} 3 \, \mathrm{d}x + \int_{0.5}^{3} \log_{10}(\sin x) \, \mathrm{d}x =[3x]0.53+(0.46)=(91.5)0.46=7.50.46=7.04= [3x]_{0.5}^3 + (-0.46) = (9 - 1.5) - 0.46 = 7.5 - 0.46 = 7.04

这种方法也是完全正确且逻辑清晰的替代路线。

答题过程

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Rearrange the equation of the curve to express the log term:

log10(sinx)=1y\log_{10}(\sin x) = 1 - y

First, find the integral of log10(sinx)\log_{10}(\sin x) over the interval [0.5,3][0.5, 3]:

0.53log10(sinx)dx=0.531dx0.53ydx=[x]0.532.96225...=(30.5)2.96225...=2.52.96225...=0.46225...\begin{align*} \int_{0.5}^{3} \log_{10}(\sin x) \, \mathrm{d}x =&\,\, \int_{0.5}^{3} 1 \, \mathrm{d}x - \int_{0.5}^{3} y \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\,\, \Big[ x \Big]_{0.5}^{3} - 2.96225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, (3 - 0.5) - 2.96225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, 2.5 - 2.96225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, -0.46225... \end{align*}

Now calculate the required integral:

0.53(3+log10(sinx))dx=0.533dx+0.53log10(sinx)dx=[3x]0.53+(0.46225...)=(3×33×0.5)0.46225...=7.50.46225...=7.03775...7.04\begin{align*} \int_{0.5}^{3} \left( 3 + \log_{10} (\sin x) \right) \, \mathrm{d}x =&\,\, \int_{0.5}^{3} 3 \, \mathrm{d}x + \int_{0.5}^{3} \log_{10}(\sin x) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\,\, \Big[ 3x \Big]_{0.5}^{3} + (-0.46225...) \\[2mm] =&\,\, (3 \times 3 - 3 \times 0.5) - 0.46225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, 7.5 - 0.46225... \\[2mm] =&\,\, 7.03775... \\[2mm] \approx&\,\, 7.04 \end{align*}