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P2 2022 May Q5

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Solve, for −180∘<θ⩽180∘-180^\circ < \theta \leqslant 180^\circ, the equation

3tan⁡(θ+43∘)=2cos⁡(θ+43∘)3 \tan(\theta + 43^\circ) = 2 \cos(\theta + 43^\circ)
(6)
题目中文翻译

在本题中,你必须展示所有的计算步骤。纯依赖计算器计算的解法是不可接受的。

在区间 −180∘<θ⩽180∘-180^\circ < \theta \leqslant 180^\circ 内,解方程:

3tan⁡(θ+43∘)=2cos⁡(θ+43∘)3 \tan(\theta + 43^\circ) = 2 \cos(\theta + 43^\circ)

解答

解法一

思路

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为方便解题,我们可以引入一个中间变量代换:令 x=θ+43∘x = \theta + 43^\circ。 原方程化为:

3tan⁡x=2cos⁡x3 \tan x = 2 \cos x
  1. 将正切化为正弦与余弦: 利用商数恒等式(Trigonometric Identity) tan⁡x=sin⁡xcos⁡x\tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}:
3sin⁡xcos⁡x=2cos⁡x  ⟹  3sin⁡x=2cos⁡2x(当 cos⁡x≠0)3 \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} = 2 \cos x \implies 3 \sin x = 2 \cos^2 x \quad (\text{当 } \cos x \neq 0)
  1. 化为一元二次方程: 利用平方关系恒等式 cos⁡2x=1−sin⁡2x\cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x,将方程统一用正弦 sin⁡x\sin x 表达:
3sin⁡x=2(1−sin⁡2x)  ⟹  2sin⁡2x+3sin⁡x−2=03 \sin x = 2 (1 - \sin^2 x) \implies 2 \sin^2 x + 3 \sin x - 2 = 0
  1. 因式分解求根: 将上述一元二次方程因式分解:
(2sin⁡x−1)(sin⁡x+2)=0(2 \sin x - 1)(\sin x + 2) = 0
  • 因为对于任意实数 xx,正弦值的范围是 −1⩽sin⁡x⩽1-1 \leqslant \sin x \leqslant 1,因此 sin⁡x+2≠0\sin x + 2 \neq 0(无解)。
  • 于是我们得到唯一合理的解:sin⁡x=12\sin x = \frac{1}{2}。
  1. 变换区间并求解: 原自变量 θ\theta 的范围是 −180∘<θ⩽180∘-180^\circ < \theta \leqslant 180^\circ。 由于 x=θ+43∘x = \theta + 43^\circ,因此对应 xx 的取值范围为:
 −180∘+43∘<x⩽180∘+43∘ ⟹−137∘<x⩽223∘\begin{align*} &\,-180^\circ + 43^\circ < x \leqslant 180^\circ + 43^\circ \\ &\,\Longrightarrow -137^\circ < x \leqslant 223^\circ \end{align*}

在区间 (−137∘,223∘](-137^\circ, 223^\circ] 内,寻找满足 sin⁡x=12\sin x = \frac{1}{2} 的所有 xx 的解:

x=30∘或x=150∘x = 30^\circ \quad \text{或} \quad x = 150^\circ
  1. 求出最终自变量 θ\theta: 由 θ=x−43∘\theta = x - 43^\circ 还原算出最终答案。

答题过程

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Let x=θ+43∘x = \theta + 43^\circ. The equation becomes:

3tan⁡x=2cos⁡x3 \tan x = 2 \cos x

Using the identity tan⁡x=sin⁡xcos⁡x\tan x = \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}:

3(sin⁡xcos⁡x)=2cos⁡x3 \Big( \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} \Big) = 2 \cos x

Multiply both sides by cos⁡x\cos x (noting that cos⁡x≠0\cos x \neq 0):

3sin⁡x=2cos⁡2x3 \sin x = 2 \cos^2 x

Substitute cos⁡2x=1−sin⁡2x\cos^2 x = 1 - \sin^2 x into the equation:

3sin⁡x=2(1−sin⁡2x)3 \sin x = 2 \Big( 1 - \sin^2 x \Big) 3sin⁡x=2−2sin⁡2x3 \sin x = 2 - 2 \sin^2 x

Rearrange to form a quadratic equation in sin⁡x\sin x:

2sin⁡2x+3sin⁡x−2=02 \sin^2 x + 3 \sin x - 2 = 0

Factorize the quadratic equation:

(2sin⁡x−1)(sin⁡x+2)=0(2 \sin x - 1)(\sin x + 2) = 0

Since sin⁡x∈[−1,1]\sin x \in [-1, 1], the factor sin⁡x+2=0\sin x + 2 = 0 has no real solutions.

Thus:

2sin⁡x−1=0  ⟹  sin⁡x=122 \sin x - 1 = 0 \implies \sin x = \frac{1}{2}

Now determine the range for xx based on −180∘<θ⩽180∘-180^\circ < \theta \leqslant 180^\circ:

−180∘+43∘< θ+43∘⩽180∘+43∘−137∘< x⩽223∘\begin{align*} -180^\circ + 43^\circ <&\, \theta + 43^\circ \leqslant 180^\circ + 43^\circ \\ -137^\circ <&\, x \leqslant 223^\circ \end{align*}

Solve sin⁡x=12\sin x = \frac{1}{2} for xx in the interval (−137∘,223∘](-137^\circ, 223^\circ]:

x=30∘orx=150∘x = 30^\circ \quad \text{or} \quad x = 150^\circ

Substitute back θ=x−43∘\theta = x - 43^\circ to find the values of θ\theta:

  • For x=30∘x = 30^\circ:
θ=30∘−43∘=−13∘\theta = 30^\circ - 43^\circ = -13^\circ
  • For x=150∘x = 150^\circ:
θ=150∘−43∘=107∘\theta = 150^\circ - 43^\circ = 107^\circ

Since both values fall inside the interval −180∘<θ⩽180∘-180^\circ < \theta \leqslant 180^\circ, the required solutions are:

θ=−13∘andθ=107∘\theta = -13^\circ \quad \text{and} \quad \theta = 107^\circ