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P2 2022 May Q9

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 May Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

A scientist is using carbon-14 dating to determine the age of some wooden items.

The equation for carbon-14 dating an item is given by

N=kλtN = k\lambda^t

where

  • NN grams is the amount of carbon-14 currently present in the item
  • kk grams was the initial amount of carbon-14 present in the item
  • tt is the number of years since the item was made
  • λ\lambda is a constant, with 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1

(a) Sketch the graph of NN against tt for k=1k = 1

(2)

Given that it takes 5700 years for the amount of carbon-14 to reduce to half its initial value,

(b) show that the value of the constant λ\lambda is 0.9998780.999878 to 6 decimal places.

(2)

Given that Item A

  • is known to have had 15 grams of carbon-14 present initially
  • is thought to be 3250 years old

(c) calculate, to 3 significant figures, how much carbon-14 the equation predicts is currently in Item A.

(2)

Item B is known to have initially had 25 grams of carbon-14 present, but only 18 grams now remain.

(d) Use algebra to calculate the age of Item B to the nearest 100 years.

(3)
题目中文翻译

科学家正在使用碳-14 测年法来确定一些木制物品的年龄。

碳-14 测年的方程为:

N=kλtN = k\lambda^t

其中:

  • 目前木制品中含有的碳-14 质量为 NN 克
  • 初始时木制品中含有的碳-14 质量为 kk 克
  • tt 是物品制成至今的年数(年龄)
  • λ\lambda 是常数,且 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1

(a) 当 k=1k = 1 时,画出 NN 随时间 tt 变化的函数图象草图。 (2)

(b) 已知碳-14 的质量减少到其初始值的一半需要 5700 年(即半衰期),证明常数 λ\lambda 的值保留 6 位小数为 0.9998780.999878。 (2)

(c) 已知物品 A 初始含有 15 克碳-14,且估计其年龄为 3250 年。计算方程预测当前物品 A 中剩余的碳-14 质量,结果保留 3 位有效数字。 (2)

(d) 已知物品 B 初始含有 25 克碳-14,当前仅剩 18 克。利用代数方法计算物品 B 的年龄,结果精确到最近的 100 年。 (3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

我们需要画出当 k=1k = 1 时 N=λtN = \lambda^t 对自变量 tt 的函数图象(其中 t⩾0t \geqslant 0):

  1. 分析图形特征: 因为常数满足 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1,这是一个典型的指数衰减函数(Exponential decay function)。
  2. 确定关键点和极限行为:
    • 纵截距(Vertical Intercept):当 t=0t = 0 时,N=λ0=1N = \lambda^0 = 1。因此图象与纵轴交于点 (0,1)(0, 1)。
    • 单调性:由于底数 λ∈(0,1)\lambda \in (0, 1),随着 tt 增大,NN 呈递减趋势,曲线平滑向下弯曲。
    • 渐近线(Asymptote):当 t→∞t \to \infty 时,N→0N \to 0。因此 tt 轴(即 N=0N = 0)是其水平渐近线。
  3. 绘图说明:
    • 纵轴为 NN,横轴为 tt。
    • 曲线从第一象限向下平滑倾斜,经过纵轴上的点 11(或点 (0,1)(0, 1)),并以 tt 轴为渐近线无限趋近,但不穿过 tt 轴。

答题过程

展开

Since k=1k = 1, the equation is N=λtN = \lambda^t. Given 0<λ<10 < \lambda < 1, this represents an exponential decay graph.

The key features of the sketch are:

  1. Shape: A smooth, continuously decreasing curve in the first quadrant that curves downwards towards the horizontal axis.
  2. Vertical intercept: The curve starts or passes through (0,1)(0, 1) on the positive vertical axis (labeled 11 on the NN-axis).
  3. Asymptotic behaviour: The horizontal axis (the tt-axis where N=0N = 0) is a horizontal asymptote. The curve approaches N=0N = 0 as tt increases.


(b)

解法一:开方求底数

思路

展开

根据半衰期(Half-life)的定义:当 t=5700t = 5700 时,剩余的碳-14 质量 NN 减少为初始质量 kk 的一半,即:

N=12kN = \frac{1}{2}k

代入方程 N=kλtN = k \lambda^t:

12k=kλ5700\frac{1}{2}k = k \lambda^{5700}

因为初始质量 k>0k > 0,两边同时约去 kk:

λ5700=0.5\lambda^{5700} = 0.5

求 λ\lambda 的值,两边同时求 57005700 次方根(或者在两边取对数后计算):

λ=(0.5)15700\lambda = (0.5)^{\frac{1}{5700}}

计算其值并保留 6 位小数,验证是否符合 0.9998780.999878。

答题过程

展开

Since it takes 5700 years for the amount of carbon-14 to reduce to half its initial value:

N=12kwhent=5700N = \frac{1}{2}k \quad \text{when} \quad t = 5700

Substitute these into the formula N=kλtN = k\lambda^t:

12k=kλ5700\frac{1}{2}k = k\lambda^{5700}

Divide both sides by kk (since k>0k > 0):

λ5700=0.5\lambda^{5700} = 0.5

Take the 57005700-th root of both sides:

λ=(0.5)15700\lambda = (0.5)^{\frac{1}{5700}}

Calculate using the calculator:

λ≈0.9998784026…\lambda \approx 0.9998784026\ldots

Rounding to 6 decimal places:

λ≈0.999878\lambda \approx 0.999878

解法二:取对数

思路

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由半衰期条件得到 λ5700=1/2\lambda^{5700}=1/2,取对数将指数移到前面,再还原 λ\lambda。

答题过程

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Using λ5700=1/2\lambda^{5700}=1/2,

5700log⁡10λ= log⁡10(1/2),log⁡10λ= −log⁡1025700,λ= 10−log⁡1025700= 0.9998784026…≈ 0.999878(6 d.p.).\begin{align*} 5700\log_{10}\lambda=&\,\log_{10}(1/2),\\ \log_{10}\lambda=&\,-\frac{\log_{10}2}{5700},\\ \lambda=&\,10^{-\frac{\log_{10}2}{5700}}\\ =&\,0.9998784026\ldots\\ \approx&\,0.999878\quad\text{(6 d.p.)}. \end{align*}

解法三:代入夹逼

思路

展开

六位小数舍入为 0.9998780.999878 的区间是 [0.9998775,0.9998785)[0.9998775,0.9998785)。比较区间两端的 57005700 次方与 1/21/2;由于 λ5700\lambda^{5700} 随正数 λ\lambda 递增,可以确定满足半衰期条件的底数落在该区间内。

答题过程

展开

At the two rounding boundaries,

0.99987755700= 0.4974338125…<0.5,0.99987855700= 0.5002776294…>0.5.\begin{align*} 0.9998775^{5700}=&\,0.4974338125\ldots<0.5,\\ 0.9998785^{5700}=&\,0.5002776294\ldots>0.5. \end{align*}

Since λ5700\lambda^{5700} is increasing for λ>0\lambda>0, the solution of λ5700=0.5\lambda^{5700}=0.5 lies strictly between 0.99987750.9998775 and 0.99987850.9998785.

Therefore λ=0.999878\lambda=0.999878 to 6 decimal places.


(c)

解法一

思路

展开

对于物品 A,已知条件为:

  • 初始量 k=15k = 15 克
  • 时间 t=3250t = 3250 年
  • 常数 λ=0.999878\lambda = 0.999878(或使用计算器中更精确的值)

代入公式 N=kλtN = k\lambda^t:

N=15×(0.999878)3250N = 15 \times (0.999878)^{3250}

利用计算器计算结果并保留 3 位有效数字。

答题过程

展开

For Item A, we are given:

  • k=15k = 15
  • t=3250t = 3250
  • λ=0.999878\lambda = 0.999878

Substitute these values into N=kλtN = k\lambda^t:

N= 15×(0.999878)3250≈ 15×0.672654006…≈ 10.089810090…\begin{align*} N =&\, 15 \times (0.999878)^{3250} \\ \approx&\, 15 \times 0.672654006\ldots \\ \approx&\, 10.089810090\ldots \end{align*}

Rounding to 3 significant figures:

N≈10.1 gramsN \approx 10.1\text{ grams}

(Note: Using the more accurate value λ=0.51/5700\lambda = 0.5^{1/5700} yields 15×0.673534878…≈10.115 \times 0.673534878\ldots \approx 10.1 grams.)


(d)

解法一

思路

展开

对于物品 B,已知条件为:

  • 初始量 k=25k = 25 克
  • 剩余量 N=18N = 18 克
  • 常数 λ=0.999878\lambda = 0.999878(使用题目给出的值)

我们需要求解时间 tt。代入公式列出方程:

18=25×(0.999878)t18 = 25 \times (0.999878)^t
  1. 分离指数项: 两边同除以 2525:
(0.999878)t=1825=0.72(0.999878)^t = \frac{18}{25} = 0.72
  1. 利用对数求解未知指数: 两边取常用对数或自然对数:
ln⁡(0.999878t)=ln⁡(0.72)  ⟹  tln⁡(0.999878)=ln⁡(0.72)\ln(0.999878^t) = \ln(0.72) \implies t \ln(0.999878) = \ln(0.72)

或者直接写为:

t=log⁡0.999878(0.72)t = \log_{0.999878}(0.72)
  1. 计算结果:
t=ln⁡(0.72)ln⁡(0.999878)t = \frac{\ln(0.72)}{\ln(0.999878)}

算出 tt 的具体数值,并将其四舍五入到最接近的 100 年(nearest 100 years)。

答题过程

展开

For Item B, we are given:

  • k=25k = 25
  • N=18N = 18
  • λ=0.999878\lambda = 0.999878

Substitute these into N=kλtN = k\lambda^t:

18=25×(0.999878)t18 = 25 \times (0.999878)^t

Divide both sides by 2525:

(0.999878)t=1825=0.72(0.999878)^t = \frac{18}{25} = 0.72

Take natural logarithms on both sides:

ln⁡((0.999878)t)=ln⁡(0.72)\ln\Big( (0.999878)^t \Big) = \ln(0.72)

Apply the power law of logarithms:

tln⁡(0.999878)=ln⁡(0.72)t \ln(0.999878) = \ln(0.72)

Solve for tt:

t= ln⁡(0.72)ln⁡(0.999878)≈ −0.328504…−0.000122…≈ 2692.49… years\begin{align*} t =&\, \frac{\ln(0.72)}{\ln(0.999878)} \\ \approx&\, \frac{-0.328504\ldots}{-0.000122\ldots} \\ \approx&\, 2692.49\ldots\text{ years} \end{align*}

Rounding to the nearest 100 years:

t≈2700 yearst \approx 2700\text{ years}

(Note: Using the more accurate value λ=0.51/5700\lambda = 0.5^{1/5700} yields t=ln⁡(0.72)ln⁡(0.51/5700)≈2701.4t = \frac{\ln(0.72)}{\ln(0.5^{1/5700})} \approx 2701.4 years, which also rounds to 27002700 years.)