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IAL 2022 Oct Q1

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Given that aa, bb and cc are integers greater than 0 such that

  • c=b+2c = b + 2
  • a+b+c=10a + b + c = 10

Prove, by exhaustion, that the product of aa, bb and cc is always even.

You may use the table below to illustrate your answer.

aabbcc
(3)

解答

建立约束关系

思路

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首先,我们需要利用给定的代数关系,化简出变量之间的范围限制: 将 c=b+2c = b + 2 代入 a+b+c=10a + b + c = 10 中:

a+b+(b+2)=10    a+2b=8    a=82b.\begin{align*} a + b + (b + 2) = 10 \implies a + 2b = 8 \implies a = 8 - 2b. \end{align*}

因为 a,b,ca, b, c 都是大于 0 的正整数(即 a,b,c1a, b, c \geqslant 1):

  • b1b \geqslant 12b22b \geqslant 2,从而 a=82b6a = 8 - 2b \leqslant 6
  • a1a \geqslant 182b1    2b7    b3.58 - 2b \geqslant 1 \implies 2b \leqslant 7 \implies b \leqslant 3.5
  • 由于 bb 必须是整数,所以 bb 只能取 1,2,31, 2, 3

因此,本题只有 3 种可能的整数情况。


解法一:数值穷举法

思路

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根据上述化简,穷举所有可能的正整数三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c),计算它们的乘积 abcabc,并验证每个乘积是否为偶数。

答题过程

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Substitute c=b+2c = b + 2 into a+b+c=10a + b + c = 10:

a+b+(b+2)=10a+2b=8a=82b.\begin{align*} a + b + (b + 2) =&\,\, 10 \\[2mm] a + 2b =&\,\, 8 \\[2mm] a =&\,\, 8 - 2b. \end{align*}

Since aa, bb, and cc are integers greater than 0, we must have b1b \geqslant 1. Also:

a1    82b12b7b3.5.\begin{align*} a \geqslant 1 \implies 8 - 2b \geqslant&\,\, 1 \\[2mm] 2b \leqslant&\,\, 7 \\[2mm] b \leqslant&\,\, 3.5. \end{align*}

Since bb must be an integer, the only possible values for bb are 11, 22, and 33. We list the cases:

  1. Case 1: b=1b = 1 a=82(1)=6a = 8 - 2(1) = 6 c=1+2=3c = 1 + 2 = 3 The product is: abc=6×1×3=18(which is even).abc = 6 \times 1 \times 3 = 18 \quad (\text{which is even}).

  2. Case 2: b=2b = 2 a=82(2)=4a = 8 - 2(2) = 4 c=2+2=4c = 2 + 2 = 4 The product is: abc=4×2×4=32(which is even).abc = 4 \times 2 \times 4 = 32 \quad (\text{which is even}).

  3. Case 3: b=3b = 3 a=82(3)=2a = 8 - 2(3) = 2 c=3+2=5c = 3 + 2 = 5 The product is: abc=2×3×5=30(which is even).abc = 2 \times 3 \times 5 = 30 \quad (\text{which is even}).

The combinations can be summarized in the table below:

aabbccabcabc
61318
42432
23530

Since all possible combinations have been exhausted and in every case the product abcabc is even, the product of aa, bb and cc is always even.


解法二:代数逻辑法

思路

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我们可以通过代数结构分析变量的奇偶性: 由 a=82b=2(4b)a = 8 - 2b = 2(4 - b) 可知,由于 4b4-b 是整数,所以 aa 必定是 2 的倍数,即 aa 必定是一个偶数。 因为任意整数与偶数的乘积必然是偶数(even×integer=even\text{even} \times \text{integer} = \text{even}),所以只要 aa 是偶数,不管 bbcc 的奇偶性如何,abcabc 的乘积必然是偶数。

答题过程

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From the equations c=b+2c = b + 2 and a+b+c=10a + b + c = 10, we obtain:

a=82b=2(4b).\begin{align*} a =&\,\, 8 - 2b \\[2mm] =&\,\, 2(4 - b). \end{align*}

Since bb is an integer, 4b4 - b is also an integer. Therefore, aa must be an even integer.

Since the product of any integers with at least one even factor is always even, the product abcabc must be even for any valid integer combinations.

Hence, the product of aa, bb and cc is always even.


解法三:纯代数证明法

思路

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将乘积 abcabc 完全用单一变量 bb 表示出来:

abc=(82b)b(b+2)abc = (8 - 2b) \cdot b \cdot (b + 2)

提取公因子 2,写成 2×integer2 \times \text{integer} 的形式,从而直接证明其整除性。

答题过程

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Using the equations a=82ba = 8 - 2b and c=b+2c = b + 2, we can express the product abcabc in terms of bb only:

abc=(82b)b(b+2)=2(4b)b(b+2).\begin{align*} abc =&\,\, (8 - 2b) \cdot b \cdot (b + 2) \\[2mm] =&\,\, 2(4 - b)b(b + 2). \end{align*}

Since bb is an integer, (4b)b(b+2)(4 - b)b(b + 2) is also an integer.

Since abcabc has a factor of 22, abcabc is divisible by 22, which means the product abcabc is always even.