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P2 2022 Oct Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The weight of a baby mammal is monitored over a 16-month period.

The weight of the mammal, w kgw\text{ kg}, is given by

w=log⁡a(t+5)−log⁡a42⩽t⩽18w = \log_a(t + 5) - \log_a 4 \qquad 2 \leqslant t \leqslant 18

where tt is the age of the mammal in months and aa is a constant.

Given that the weight of the mammal was 10 kg10\text{ kg} when t=3t = 3

(a) show that a=1.072a = 1.072 correct to 3 decimal places.

(3)

Using a=1.072a = 1.072

(b) find an equation for tt in terms of ww

(3)

(c) find the value of tt when w=15w = 15, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(2)
题目中文翻译

在 16 个月的期间内监测一只幼年哺乳动物的体重。体重为 ww 千克,满足

w=log⁡a(t+5)−log⁡a4,2⩽t⩽18,w=\log_a(t+5)-\log_a4,\qquad 2\leqslant t\leqslant18,

其中 tt 是以月计的年龄,aa 为常数。

已知 t=3t=3 时体重为 10 千克。

(a) 证明 a=1.072a=1.072,精确到三位小数。(3 分)

使用 a=1.072a=1.072,

(b) 求用 ww 表示 tt 的方程。(3 分)

(c) 当 w=15w=15 时,求 tt 的值,答案保留三位有效数字。(2 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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首先,代入已知条件 t=3t = 3 和 w=10w = 10:

10= log⁡a(3+5)−log⁡a4= log⁡a8−log⁡a4\begin{align*} 10=&\,\log_a(3 + 5) - \log_a 4\\ =&\,\log_a 8 - \log_a 4 \end{align*}

利用对数的相减法则(log⁡aX−log⁡aY=log⁡aXY\log_a X - \log_a Y = \log_a \frac{X}{Y})化简右边:

10= log⁡a(84)= log⁡a2\begin{align*} 10=&\,\log_a \Big(\frac{8}{4}\Big)\\ =&\,\log_a 2 \end{align*}

将对数式改写为指数式(如果 log⁡aX=Y\log_a X = Y 则 aY=Xa^Y = X):

a10= 2a= 21/10=210\begin{align*} a^{10}=&\,2\\ a=&\,2^{1/10} = \sqrt[10]{2} \end{align*}

使用计算器求出具体数值:

a≈1.07177346...a \approx 1.07177346...

四舍五入到三位小数为 1.0721.072。

答题过程

展开

Substitute t=3t = 3 and w=10w = 10 into the equation:

10= log⁡a(3+5)−log⁡a410= log⁡a8−log⁡a4\begin{align*} 10 =&\, \log_a(3 + 5) - \log_a 4 \\ 10 =&\, \log_a 8 - \log_a 4 \end{align*}

Applying the subtraction law of logarithms (log⁡aX−log⁡aY=log⁡aXY\log_a X - \log_a Y = \log_a \dfrac{X}{Y}):

10= log⁡a(84)10= log⁡a2\begin{align*} 10 =&\, \log_a\Big(\frac{8}{4}\Big) \\ 10 =&\, \log_a 2 \end{align*}

Converting the logarithmic equation into exponential form:

a10= 2a= 2110a= 1.071773...a≈ 1.072(to 3 decimal places)(proven)\begin{align*} a^{10} =&\, 2 \\ a =&\, 2^{\frac{1}{10}} \\ a =&\, 1.071773... \\ a \approx&\, 1.072 \quad (\text{to 3 decimal places}) \quad \text{(proven)} \end{align*}

解法二:取对数求底数

思路

展开

代入 t=3t=3、w=10w=10 并合并对数,得到 a10=2a^{10}=2。也可以两边取自然对数,先求 ln⁡a\ln a,再指数化求 aa。

答题过程

展开 10= log⁡a8−log⁡a4= log⁡a2a10= 210ln⁡a= ln⁡2a= e(ln⁡2)/10= 1.071773…≈ 1.072.\begin{align*} 10=&\,\log_a 8-\log_a4\\ =&\,\log_a2\\ a^{10}=&\,2\\ 10\ln a=&\,\ln2\\ a=&\,e^{(\ln2)/10}\\ =&\,1.071773\ldots\\ \approx&\,1.072. \end{align*}

Therefore a=1.072a=1.072 to 3 decimal places.


(b)

解法一:先合并对数项

思路

展开

我们需要将 ww 关于 tt 的方程变形,将 tt 孤立出来。已知 a=1.072a = 1.072:

w=log⁡1.072(t+5)−log⁡1.0724w = \log_{1.072}(t + 5) - \log_{1.072} 4

首先,利用对数商的运算法则将右侧两个对数项合并为一个对数项:

w=log⁡1.072(t+54)w = \log_{1.072}\Big(\frac{t + 5}{4}\Big)

转化为指数式:

1.072w= t+544×1.072w= t+5t= 4×1.072w−5\begin{align*} 1.072^w=&\,\frac{t + 5}{4}\\ 4 \times 1.072^w=&\,t + 5\\ t=&\,4 \times 1.072^w - 5 \end{align*}

答题过程

展开

Using the subtraction law of logarithms:

w= log⁡1.072(t+5)−log⁡1.0724w= log⁡1.072(t+54)\begin{align*} w =&\, \log_{1.072}(t + 5) - \log_{1.072} 4 \\ w =&\, \log_{1.072}\Big(\frac{t + 5}{4}\Big) \end{align*}

Converting to exponential form:

1.072w= t+544×1.072w= t+5t= 4×1.072w−5\begin{align*} 1.072^w =&\, \frac{t + 5}{4} \\ 4 \times 1.072^w =&\, t + 5 \\ t =&\, 4 \times 1.072^w - 5 \end{align*}

解法二:先移项,再运用指数性质

思路

展开

首先,通过移项将含有 tt 的对数项孤立在等式一侧:

log⁡1.072(t+5)=w+log⁡1.0724\log_{1.072}(t + 5) = w + \log_{1.072} 4

然后以 1.0721.072 为底数,对等式两边进行指数化,并利用指数乘法性质展开右边:

t+5= 1.072w+log⁡1.0724= 1.072w×1.072log⁡1.0724= 1.072w×4\begin{align*} t+5=&\,1.072^{w + \log_{1.072} 4}\\ =&\,1.072^w \times 1.072^{\log_{1.072} 4}\\ =&\,1.072^w \times 4 \end{align*}

从而解出 tt。

答题过程

展开

Rearranging the log equation to isolate the term with tt:

log⁡1.072(t+5)= w+log⁡1.0724\begin{align*} \log_{1.072}(t + 5) =&\, w + \log_{1.072} 4 \end{align*}

Taking base 1.0721.072 exponentiation on both sides:

t+5= 1.072w+log⁡1.0724t+5= 1.072w×1.072log⁡1.0724t+5= 1.072w×4t= 4×1.072w−5\begin{align*} t + 5 =&\, 1.072^{w + \log_{1.072} 4} \\ t + 5 =&\, 1.072^w \times 1.072^{\log_{1.072} 4} \\ t + 5 =&\, 1.072^w \times 4 \\ t =&\, 4 \times 1.072^w - 5 \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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卓老师温馨提醒

本题指定使用 a=1.072a=1.072。使用精确底数 21/102^{1/10} 会得到 6.31,失去本小题最终答案的准确分;不是整题零分。

代入 w=15w = 15 到 (b) 部分求得的表达式中:

t=4×1.07215−5t = 4 \times 1.072^{15} - 5

利用计算器计算并保留 3 位有效数字(3 significant figures)。

答题过程

展开

Substitute w=15w = 15 and a=1.072a = 1.072 into the equation derived in part (b):

t= 4×1.07215−5= 4×2.837407944...−5= 11.349631777...−5= 6.349631777...≈ 6.35(to 3 significant figures)\begin{align*} t =&\, 4 \times 1.072^{15} - 5 \\ =&\, 4 \times 2.837407944... - 5 \\ =&\, 11.349631777... - 5 \\ =&\, 6.349631777... \\ \approx&\, 6.35 \quad (\text{to 3 significant figures}) \end{align*}

(Note: If the exact value a=2110a = 2^{\frac{1}{10}} were used instead, the result would be t=4×21.5−5≈6.31t = 4 \times 2^{1.5} - 5 \approx 6.31, which is not accepted under the marking criteria.)