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IAL 2022 Oct Q9

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Figure 3 shows

  • the curve C1C_1 with equation y=x35x2+3x+14y = x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14
  • the circle C2C_2 with centre TT

The point TT is the minimum turning point of C1C_1

Using Figure 3 and calculus,

(a) find the coordinates of TT

(3)

The curve C1C_1 intersects the circle C2C_2 at the point AA with xx coordinate 22

(b) Find an equation of the circle C2C_2

(3)

The line ll shown in Figure 3, is the tangent to circle C2C_2 at AA

(c) Show that an equation of ll is

y=13x+223y = \frac{1}{3}x + \frac{22}{3}

(3)

The region RR, shown shaded in Figure 3, is bounded by C1C_1, ll and the yy-axis.

(d) Find the exact area of RR.

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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TT 是曲线 C1C_1 的极小值点(minimum turning point)。因此它的 xx 坐标必须满足导数 dydx=0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0,且二阶导数 d2ydx>0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x} > 0

  1. C1C_1 方程求导: dydx=3x210x+3\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3x^2 - 10x + 3
  2. 令其为零并因式分解求解: 3x210x+3=0    (3x1)(x3)=0    x=13 或 x=33x^2 - 10x + 3 = 0 \implies (3x - 1)(x - 3) = 0 \implies x = \frac{1}{3} \text{ 或 } x = 3
  3. 二阶导数为 d2ydx2=6x10\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 6x - 10
    • x=13x = \dfrac{1}{3} 时,d2ydx2=8<0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = -8 < 0(极大值点)。
    • x=3x = 3 时,d2ydx2=8>0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 8 > 0(极小值点)。 因此极小值点 TTxx 坐标为 33
  4. x=3x=3 代入原曲线方程求出 yy 坐标。

答题过程

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Differentiate the equation of C1:y=x35x2+3x+14C_1: y = x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14:

dydx=3x210x+3\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3x^2 - 10x + 3

At stationary points, dydx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0:

3x210x+3=0(3x1)(x3)=0\begin{align*} 3x^2 - 10x + 3 =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm] (3x - 1)(x - 3) =&\,\, 0 \end{align*}

This yields x=13x = \dfrac{1}{3} or x=3x = 3.

To identify the minimum turning point, we find the second derivative:

d2ydx2=6x10\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 6x - 10
  • At x=13x = \dfrac{1}{3}: d2ydx2=6(13)10=8<0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 6\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right) - 10 = -8 < 0 (Maximum)
  • At x=3x = 3: d2ydx2=6(3)10=8>0\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 6(3) - 10 = 8 > 0 (Minimum)

Therefore, the minimum turning point TT occurs at x=3x = 3.

Find the yy-coordinate of TT by substituting x=3x = 3 into the equation of C1C_1:

y=335(3)2+3(3)+14=2745+9+14=5\begin{align*} y =&\,\, 3^3 - 5(3)^2 + 3(3) + 14 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 27 - 45 + 9 + 14 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 5 \end{align*}

Thus, the coordinates of TT are (3,5)(3, 5).


(b)

解法一

思路

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圆的方程通用形式为:

(xx0)2+(yy0)2=r2(x - x_0)^2 + (y - y_0)^2 = r^2

其中圆心为 (x0,y0)=T(3,5)(x_0, y_0) = T(3, 5)。 我们已知交点 AAxx 坐标为 22。由于 AA 在曲线 C1C_1 上,我们可将 x=2x=2 代入 C1C_1 方程求出 yAy_A。 求出 AA 坐标后,利用两点间距离公式算出半径平方 r2=(xAxT)2+(yAyT)2r^2 = (x_A - x_T)^2 + (y_A - y_T)^2,即可写出圆方程。

答题过程

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Find the yy-coordinate of point AA by substituting xA=2x_A = 2 into the equation of C1C_1:

yA=235(2)2+3(2)+14=820+6+14=8\begin{align*} y_A =&\,\, 2^3 - 5(2)^2 + 3(2) + 14 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 8 - 20 + 6 + 14 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 8 \end{align*}

So, the coordinates of AA are (2,8)(2, 8).

The circle C2C_2 has center T(3,5)T(3, 5). The radius squared r2r^2 is the distance squared between T(3,5)T(3, 5) and A(2,8)A(2, 8):

r2=(23)2+(85)2=(1)2+32=1+9=10\begin{align*} r^2 =&\,\, (2 - 3)^2 + (8 - 5)^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, (-1)^2 + 3^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 1 + 9 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 10 \end{align*}

Therefore, the equation of the circle C2C_2 is:

(x3)2+(y5)2=10(x - 3)^2 + (y - 5)^2 = 10

(c)

解法一

思路

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直线 ll 是圆在点 A(2,8)A(2, 8) 处的切线。 根据圆的几何性质,切线与过切点的半径 TATA 垂直。

  1. 先求出半径 TATA 的斜率 mTAm_{TA}mTA=yAyTxAxT=8523=3m_{TA} = \frac{y_A - y_T}{x_A - x_T} = \frac{8 - 5}{2 - 3} = -3
  2. 利用垂直直线斜率乘积为 1-1 的关系,求出切线 ll 的斜率 mlm_lml=1mTA=13m_l = -\frac{1}{m_{TA}} = \frac{1}{3}
  3. 使用点斜式写出过点 A(2,8)A(2, 8) 的切线方程并化简。

答题过程

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The gradient of the radius TATA joining the center T(3,5)T(3, 5) and the point A(2,8)A(2, 8) is:

mTA=8523=31=3\begin{align*} m_{TA} =&\,\, \frac{8 - 5}{2 - 3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{3}{-1} \\[2mm] =&\,\, -3 \end{align*}

Since the tangent line ll is perpendicular to the radius TATA at AA, the gradient mlm_l of the tangent line is:

ml=1mTA=13=13\begin{align*} m_l =&\,\, -\frac{1}{m_{TA}} \\[2mm] =&\,\, -\frac{1}{-3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{1}{3} \end{align*}

The equation of the line ll passing through A(2,8)A(2, 8) is:

y8=13(x2)y8=13x23y=13x23+243y=13x+223(proven)\begin{align*} y - 8 =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}(x - 2) \\[2mm] y - 8 =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x - \frac{2}{3} \\[2mm] y =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{24}{3} \\[2mm] y =&\,\, \frac{1}{3}x + \frac{22}{3} \quad \text{(proven)} \end{align*}

(d)

解法一:直接积分两函数之差

思路

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由图 3 可知,阴影区域 RRx[0,2]x \in [0, 2] 区间内,由上方曲线 C1C_1、下方直线 ll 以及 yy 轴(x=0x=0)围成。 直接对上方曲线减去下方直线在区间 [0,2][0, 2] 上积分:

Area(R)=02(yC1yl)dx\text{Area}(R) = \int_{0}^{2} (y_{C_1} - y_l)\,\mathrm{d}x =02[(x35x2+3x+14)(13x+223)]dx= \int_{0}^{2} \left[ \left(x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14\right) - \left(\frac{1}{3}x + \frac{22}{3}\right) \right]\,\mathrm{d}x

化简被积函数,然后利用微积分基本定理进行积分求解。

答题过程

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The upper boundary of RR is C1:y=x35x2+3x+14C_1: y = x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14 and the lower boundary is the line l:y=13x+223l: y = \dfrac{1}{3}x + \dfrac{22}{3}. The region extends from x=0x = 0 to x=2x = 2.

Area(R)=02(yC1yl)dx=02((x35x2+3x+14)(13x+223))dx=02(x35x2+83x+203)dx=[x445x33+4x23+20x3]02=(2445(23)3+4(22)3+20(2)3)0=(4403+163+403)=4+163=283\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R) =&\,\, \int_{0}^{2} \left( y_{C_1} - y_l \right) \mathrm{d}x \\[2mm] =&\,\, \int_{0}^{2} \left( \left(x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14\right) - \left(\frac{1}{3}x + \frac{22}{3}\right) \right) \mathrm{d}x \\[2mm] =&\,\, \int_{0}^{2} \left( x^3 - 5x^2 + \frac{8}{3}x + \frac{20}{3} \right) \mathrm{d}x \\[2mm] =&\,\, \left[ \frac{x^4}{4} - \frac{5x^3}{3} + \frac{4x^2}{3} + \frac{20x}{3} \right]_0^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \left( \frac{2^4}{4} - \frac{5(2^3)}{3} + \frac{4(2^2)}{3} + \frac{20(2)}{3} \right) - 0 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \left( 4 - \frac{40}{3} + \frac{16}{3} + \frac{40}{3} \right) \\[2mm] =&\,\, 4 + \frac{16}{3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{28}{3} \end{align*}

解法二:几何扣除法(曲线下面积减去梯形面积)

思路

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阴影部分面积可以通过两块简单面积作差求得:

  1. 积分求出曲线 C1C_1x=0x=0x=2x=2 下方的面积: 02(x35x2+3x+14)dx\int_0^2 (x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14)\,\mathrm{d}x
  2. 直线 ll 下方与 xx 轴围成的部分在 x[0,2]x \in [0, 2] 之间是一个直角梯形,其左右两边平行高度分别为 y(0)=223y(0) = \frac{22}{3}y(2)=8y(2) = 8,宽度为 2。 梯形面积公式为: Atrapezium=12(a+b)h=12(223+8)×2=463A_{\text{trapezium}} = \frac{1}{2} (a + b) h = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{22}{3} + 8 \right) \times 2 = \frac{46}{3}
  3. 将两者作差即可得到阴影部分的面积。

答题过程

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  1. Area under C1C_1:

    02(x35x2+3x+14)dx=[x445x33+3x22+14x]02=(164403+3(4)2+14(2))0=4403+6+28=38403=114403=743\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{2} (x^3 - 5x^2 + 3x + 14)\,\mathrm{d}x =&\,\, \left[ \frac{x^4}{4} - \frac{5x^3}{3} + \frac{3x^2}{2} + 14x \right]_0^2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \left( \frac{16}{4} - \frac{40}{3} + \frac{3(4)}{2} + 14(2) \right) - 0 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 4 - \frac{40}{3} + 6 + 28 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 38 - \frac{40}{3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{114 - 40}{3} = \frac{74}{3} \end{align*}
  2. Area of the trapezium under ll: The vertical heights of the trapezium at x=0x = 0 and x=2x = 2 are: y(0)=223,y(2)=8y(0) = \frac{22}{3}, \quad y(2) = 8 The width is 22:

    Areatrapezium=12(223+8)×2=223+243=463\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{trapezium}} =&\,\, \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{22}{3} + 8\right) \times 2 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{22}{3} + \frac{24}{3} = \frac{46}{3} \end{align*}
  3. Area of RR:

    Area(R)=Area under C1Areatrapezium=743463=283\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R) =&\,\, \text{Area under } C_1 - \text{Area}_{\text{trapezium}} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{74}{3} - \frac{46}{3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{28}{3} \end{align*}