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P2 2023 Jan Q1

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Figure 1 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y=f(x)y = \mathrm{f}(x).

The table below shows some corresponding values of xx and yy for this curve. The values of yy are given to 3 decimal places.

xx−1-1−0.5-0.5000.50.511
yy2.2872.2874.4704.4706.7196.7197.2917.2912.8342.834

Using the trapezium rule with all the values of yy in the given table,

(a) obtain an estimate for

∫−11f(x) dx\int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x

giving your answer to 2 decimal places.

(3)

(b) Use your answer to part (a) to estimate

(i) ∫−11(f(x)−2) dx\int_{-1}^1 (\mathrm{f}(x) - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x

(ii) ∫13f(x−2) dx\int_{1}^{3} \mathrm{f}(x-2) \, \mathrm{d}x

(3)
题目中文翻译

图 1 为曲线 y=f(x)y=\mathrm{f}(x) 的一部分示意图。下表给出部分对应的 x,yx,y 值,yy 值保留三位小数。

xx−1-1−0.5-0.5000.50.511
yy2.2872.2874.4704.4706.7196.7197.2917.2912.8342.834

使用梯形法则及表中全部 yy 值,

(a) 估算 ∫−11f(x) dx\int_{-1}^{1}\mathrm{f}(x)\,\mathrm{d}x,答案保留两位小数。(3 分)

(b) 使用 (a) 的答案估算:

(i) ∫−11(f(x)−2) dx\int_{-1}^{1}(\mathrm{f}(x)-2)\,\mathrm{d}x

(ii) ∫13f(x−2) dx\int_1^3\mathrm{f}(x-2)\,\mathrm{d}x

(3 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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梯形法则(Trapezium Rule)的公式为:

∫aby dx≈h2[y0+yn+2(y1+y2+⋯+yn−1)]\int_a^b y \, \mathrm{d}x \approx \frac{h}{2} [y_0 + y_n + 2(y_1 + y_2 + \cdots + y_{n-1})]

其中,步长 hh 是相邻 xx 值的差:

h= −0.5−(−1)= 0.5\begin{align*} h =&\, -0.5 - (-1) \\ =&\, 0.5 \end{align*}

将表中的 yy 值依次代入公式计算即可。首项 y0=2.287y_0 = 2.287,末项 yn=2.834y_n = 2.834,中间项为 4.470,6.719,7.2914.470, 6.719, 7.291。

答题过程

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The step size hh is given by:

h= 0.5.\begin{align*} h =&\, 0.5. \end{align*}

Using the trapezium rule:

∫−11f(x) dx≈ h2[y0+y4+2(y1+y2+y3)]= 0.52[2.287+2.834+2(4.470+6.719+7.291)]= 0.25[5.121+2(18.480)]= 0.25[5.121+36.960]= 0.25[42.081]= 10.52025.\begin{align*} \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x \approx&\, \frac{h}{2} \Big[ y_0 + y_4 + 2(y_1 + y_2 + y_3) \Big] \\ =&\, \frac{0.5}{2} \Big[ 2.287 + 2.834 + 2(4.470 + 6.719 + 7.291) \Big] \\ =&\, 0.25 \Big[ 5.121 + 2(18.480) \Big] \\ =&\, 0.25 \Big[ 5.121 + 36.960 \Big] \\ =&\, 0.25 \Big[ 42.081 \Big] \\ =&\, 10.52025. \end{align*}

Therefore,

∫−11f(x) dx≈ 10.52(to 2 d.p.).\begin{align*} \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x \approx&\, 10.52 \quad \text{(to 2 d.p.)}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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(i) 利用定积分的线性性质拆分:

∫−11(f(x)−2) dx= ∫−11f(x) dx −∫−112 dx.\begin{align*} \int_{-1}^1 (\mathrm{f}(x) - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x =&\,\int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\int_{-1}^1 2 \, \mathrm{d}x. \end{align*}

其中,常数定积分部分为 2×(1−(−1))=42 \times (1 - (-1)) = 4。因此只需将 (a) 小题的结果减去 44。

(ii) 观察被积函数 f(x−2)\mathrm{f}(x-2),这是一个水平向右平移 22 单位后的函数。 积分区间也从 [−1,1][-1, 1] 平移到了 [1,3][1, 3]。由于平移不改变曲线下的面积,因此这个积分值与 (a) 小题完全相同。 也可以用换元法:设 u=x−2u = x-2,则 du=dx\mathrm{d}u = \mathrm{d}x,且当 x=1x=1 时 u=−1u=-1,当 x=3x=3 时 u=1u=1。故原式化为 ∫−11f(u) du\int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(u) \, \mathrm{d}u。

答题过程

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(i)

Using the properties of integration:

∫−11(f(x)−2) dx= ∫−11f(x) dx−∫−112 dx= ∫−11f(x) dx−[2x]−11= ∫−11f(x) dx−(2(1)−2(−1))= ∫−11f(x) dx−4.\begin{align*} \int_{-1}^1 (\mathrm{f}(x) - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x =&\, \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x - \int_{-1}^1 2 \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x - [2x]_{-1}^1 \\ =&\, \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x - (2(1) - 2(-1)) \\ =&\, \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x - 4. \end{align*}

Using the answer from part (a):

∫−11(f(x)−2) dx≈ 10.52−4= 6.52(to 2 d.p.).\begin{align*} \int_{-1}^1 (\mathrm{f}(x) - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x \approx&\, 10.52 - 4 \\ =&\, 6.52 \quad \text{(to 2 d.p.)}. \end{align*}

(ii)

Let u=x−2u = x - 2, then du=dx\mathrm{d}u = \mathrm{d}x.

When x=1x = 1, u=1−2=−1u = 1 - 2 = -1.

When x=3x = 3, u=3−2=1u = 3 - 2 = 1.

So,

∫13f(x−2) dx= ∫−11f(u) du.\begin{align*} \int_{1}^{3} \mathrm{f}(x-2) \, \mathrm{d}x =&\, \int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(u) \, \mathrm{d}u. \end{align*}

Since ∫−11f(u) du\int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(u) \, \mathrm{d}u is equivalent to ∫−11f(x) dx\int_{-1}^1 \mathrm{f}(x) \, \mathrm{d}x, we have:

∫13f(x−2) dx≈ 10.52(to 2 d.p.).\begin{align*} \int_{1}^{3} \mathrm{f}(x-2) \, \mathrm{d}x \approx&\, 10.52 \quad \text{(to 2 d.p.)}. \end{align*}