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IAL 2023 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

A brick is in the shape of a cuboid with width x cmx\text{ cm}, length 3x cm3x\text{ cm} and height h cmh\text{ cm}, as shown in Figure 2.

The volume of the brick is 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3.

(a) Show that the surface area of the brick, S cm2S\text{ cm}^2, is given by

S=6x2+2592xS = 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x}
(3)

(b) Find dSdx\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x}.

(1)

(c) Hence find the value of xx for which SS is stationary.

(2)

(d) Find d2Sdx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} and hence show that the value of xx found in part (c) gives the minimum value of SS.

(2)

(e) Hence find the minimum surface area of the brick.

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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要推导表面积公式,分两步进行:

  1. 體積關係:長方體的體積公式為 V=width×length×heightV = \text{width} \times \text{length} \times \text{height}。根據題意,體積為 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3,寬為 xx,長為 3x3x,高為 hhV=x(3x)h=3x2h=972V = x \cdot (3x) \cdot h = 3x^2 h = 972 從而可以得到用 xx 表示 hh 的表達式:h=324x2h = \frac{324}{x^2}
  2. 表面積公式:長方體的表面積包括 6 個面。 S=2(x3x)+2(xh)+2(3xh)=6x2+8xhS = 2(x \cdot 3x) + 2(x \cdot h) + 2(3x \cdot h) = 6x^2 + 8xhhh 代入即可消去 hh,得到關於 xx 的目標表達式。

答题过程

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The volume VV of the cuboid is given by:

V=x×3x×h=3x2h.\begin{align*} V =&\,\, x \times 3x \times h \\[2mm] =&\,\, 3x^2h. \end{align*}

Since the volume is 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3, we have:

3x2h=972h=324x2.\begin{align*} 3x^2h =&\,\, 972 \\[2mm] h =&\,\, \frac{324}{x^2}. \end{align*}

The surface area SS of the cuboid is:

S=2(x×3x)+2(x×h)+2(3x×h)=6x2+2xh+6xh=6x2+8xh.\begin{align*} S =&\,\, 2(x \times 3x) + 2(x \times h) + 2(3x \times h) \\[2mm] =&\,\, 6x^2 + 2xh + 6xh \\[2mm] =&\,\, 6x^2 + 8xh. \end{align*}

Substitute h=324x2h = \frac{324}{x^2} into the surface area equation:

S=6x2+8x(324x2)=6x2+2592x.\begin{align*} S =&\,\, 6x^2 + 8x\left(\frac{324}{x^2}\right) \\[2mm] =&\,\, 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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對表面積公式進行求導。將分式項寫成冪函數的形式再求導:

S=6x2+2592x1S = 6x^2 + 2592x^{-1}

使用求導公式 (xn)=nxn1(x^n)' = n x^{n-1} 進行求導即可。

答题过程

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Rewrite SS as:

S=6x2+2592x1.\begin{align*} S =&\,\, 6x^2 + 2592x^{-1}. \end{align*}

Differentiating with respect to xx:

dSdx=12x2592x2=12x2592x2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\, 12x - 2592x^{-2} \\[3mm] =&\,\, 12x - \frac{2592}{x^2}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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駐點(stationary point)滿足一階導數等於 00。 令 dSdx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0,解關於 xx 的三次方程即可。

答题过程

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At the stationary point, dSdx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0:

12x2592x2=012x=2592x212x3=2592x3=216x=6.\begin{align*} 12x - \frac{2592}{x^2} =&\,\, 0 \\[3mm] 12x =&\,\, \frac{2592}{x^2} \\[3mm] 12x^3 =&\,\, 2592 \\[3mm] x^3 =&\,\, 216 \\[2mm] x =&\,\, 6. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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  1. 對一階導數 dSdx=12x2592x2\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 12x - 2592x^{-2} 再次求導,求得二階導數 d2Sdx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2}
  2. 將 (c) 小題求得的駐點 x=6x = 6 代入二階導數,判斷其正負。若二階導數大於 00,則該點對應的是極小值(minimum)。

答题过程

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Differentiating dSdx\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} with respect to xx:

d2Sdx2=122592(2)x3=12+5184x3.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} =&\,\, 12 - 2592(-2)x^{-3} \\[3mm] =&\,\, 12 + \frac{5184}{x^3}. \end{align*}

Substituting x=6x = 6 into the second derivative:

d2Sdx2x=6=12+518463=12+5184216=12+24=36.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} \Big|_{x=6} =&\,\, 12 + \frac{5184}{6^3} \\[3mm] =&\,\, 12 + \frac{5184}{216} \\[3mm] =&\,\, 12 + 24 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 36. \end{align*}

Since d2Sdx2=36>0\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 36 > 0 when x=6x = 6, the value of x=6x = 6 gives the minimum value of SS.

(e)

解法一

思路

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x=6x = 6 代入表面積公式 S=6x2+2592xS = 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x} 中,計算出具體的最小面積值。

答题过程

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Substitute x=6x = 6 into the equation for SS:

Smin=6(6)2+25926=6(36)+432=216+432=648.\begin{align*} S_{\min} =&\,\, 6(6)^2 + \frac{2592}{6} \\[3mm] =&\,\, 6(36) + 432 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 216 + 432 \\[2mm] =&\,\, 648. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum surface area of the brick is 648 cm2648\text{ cm}^2.