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P2 2023 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

A brick is in the shape of a cuboid with width x cmx\text{ cm}, length 3x cm3x\text{ cm} and height h cmh\text{ cm}, as shown in Figure 2.

The volume of the brick is 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3.

(a) Show that the surface area of the brick, S cm2S\text{ cm}^2, is given by

S=6x2+2592xS = 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x}
(3)

(b) Find dSdx\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x}.

(1)

(c) Hence find the value of xx for which SS is stationary.

(2)

(d) Find d2Sdx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} and hence show that the value of xx found in part (c) gives the minimum value of SS.

(2)

(e) Hence find the minimum surface area of the brick.

(1)
题目中文翻译

本题必须展示全部计算步骤。完全依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。

一块砖呈长方体形,宽为 xx 厘米,长为 3x3x 厘米,高为 hh 厘米,如图 2 所示。砖的体积为 972 立方厘米。

(a) 证明砖的表面积 SS 平方厘米满足 S=6x2+2592/xS=6x^2+2592/x。(3 分)

(b) 求 dS/dx\mathrm{d}S/\mathrm{d}x。(1 分)

(c) 由此求使 SS 为驻值的 xx。(2 分)

(d) 求 d2S/dx2\mathrm{d}^2S/\mathrm{d}x^2,由此证明 (c) 中的 xx 使 SS 取得最小值。(2 分)

(e) 由此求砖的最小表面积。(1 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

要推导表面积公式,分两步进行:

1. 体积关系:长方体的体积公式为 V=width×length×heightV = \text{width} \times \text{length} \times \text{height}。根据题意,体积为 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3,宽为 xx,长为 3x3x,高为 hh。

V= x⋅(3x)⋅h= 3x2h= 972\begin{align*} V =&\, x \cdot (3x) \cdot h \\ =&\, 3x^2 h \\ =&\, 972 \end{align*}

从而可以得到用 xx 表示 hh 的表达式:h=324x2h = \frac{324}{x^2}。

2. 表面积公式:长方体的表面积包括 6 个面。

S= 2(x⋅3x)+2(x⋅h)+2(3x⋅h)= 6x2+8xh\begin{align*} S =&\, 2(x \cdot 3x) + 2(x \cdot h) + 2(3x \cdot h) \\ =&\, 6x^2 + 8xh \end{align*}

将 hh 代入即可消去 hh,得到关于 xx 的目标表达式。

答题过程

展开

The volume VV of the cuboid is given by:

V= x×3x×h= 3x2h.\begin{align*} V =&\, x \times 3x \times h \\ =&\, 3x^2h. \end{align*}

Since the volume is 972 cm3972\text{ cm}^3, we have:

3x2h= 972h= 324x2.\begin{align*} 3x^2h =&\, 972 \\ h =&\, \frac{324}{x^2}. \end{align*}

The surface area SS of the cuboid is:

S= 2(x×3x)+2(x×h)+2(3x×h)= 6x2+2xh+6xh= 6x2+8xh.\begin{align*} S =&\, 2(x \times 3x) + 2(x \times h) + 2(3x \times h) \\ =&\, 6x^2 + 2xh + 6xh \\ =&\, 6x^2 + 8xh. \end{align*}

Substitute h=324x2h = \frac{324}{x^2} into the surface area equation:

S= 6x2+8x(324x2)= 6x2+2592x.\begin{align*} S =&\, 6x^2 + 8x\Big(\frac{324}{x^2}\Big) \\ =&\, 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

对表面积公式进行求导。将分式项写成幂函数的形式再求导:

S=6x2+2592x−1S = 6x^2 + 2592x^{-1}

使用求导公式 (xn)′=nxn−1(x^n)' = n x^{n-1} 进行求导即可。

答题过程

展开

Rewrite SS as:

S= 6x2+2592x−1.\begin{align*} S =&\, 6x^2 + 2592x^{-1}. \end{align*}

Differentiating with respect to xx:

dSdx= 12x−2592x−2= 12x−2592x2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\, 12x - 2592x^{-2} \\ =&\, 12x - \frac{2592}{x^2}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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驻点(stationary point)满足一阶导数等于 00。 令 dSdx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0,解关于 xx 的三次方程即可。

答题过程

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At the stationary point, dSdx=0\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 0:

12x−2592x2= 012x= 2592x212x3= 2592x3= 216x= 6.\begin{align*} 12x - \frac{2592}{x^2} =&\, 0 \\ 12x =&\, \frac{2592}{x^2} \\ 12x^3 =&\, 2592 \\ x^3 =&\, 216 \\ x =&\, 6. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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  1. 对一阶导数 dSdx=12x−2592x−2\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} = 12x - 2592x^{-2} 再次求导,求得二阶导数 d2Sdx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2}。

  2. 将 (c) 小题求得的驻点 x=6x = 6 代入二阶导数,判断其正负。若二阶导数大于 00,则该点对应的是极小值(minimum)。

答题过程

展开

Differentiating dSdx\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}x} with respect to xx:

d2Sdx2= 12−2592(−2)x−3= 12+5184x3.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} =&\, 12 - 2592(-2)x^{-3} \\ =&\, 12 + \frac{5184}{x^3}. \end{align*}

Substituting x=6x = 6 into the second derivative:

d2Sdx2∣x=6= 12+518463= 12+5184216= 12+24= 36.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} \Big|_{x=6} =&\, 12 + \frac{5184}{6^3} \\ =&\, 12 + \frac{5184}{216} \\ =&\, 12 + 24 \\ =&\, 36. \end{align*}

Since d2Sdx2=36>0\frac{\mathrm{d}^2S}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = 36 > 0 when x=6x = 6, the value of x=6x = 6 gives the minimum value of SS.

(e)

解法一

思路

展开

将 x=6x = 6 代入表面积公式 S=6x2+2592xS = 6x^2 + \frac{2592}{x} 中,计算出具体的最小面积值。

答题过程

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Substitute x=6x = 6 into the equation for SS:

Smin⁡= 6(6)2+25926= 6(36)+432= 216+432= 648.\begin{align*} S_{\min} =&\, 6(6)^2 + \frac{2592}{6} \\ =&\, 6(36) + 432 \\ =&\, 216 + 432 \\ =&\, 648. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum surface area of the brick is 648 cm2648\text{ cm}^2.