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P2 2023 Jan Q3

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

f(x)=(2+kx8)7\mathrm{f}(x) = \Big( 2 + \frac{kx}{8} \Big)^7

where kk is a non-zero constant.

(a) Find the first 4 terms, in ascending powers of xx, of the binomial expansion of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x). Give each term in simplest form.

(4)

Given that, in the binomial expansion of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x), the coefficients of xx, x2x^2 and x3x^3 are the first 3 terms of an arithmetic progression,

(b) find, using algebra, the possible values of kk.

(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(3)
题目中文翻译

已知

f(x)=(2+kx8)7,\mathrm{f}(x)=\Big(2+\frac{kx}{8}\Big)^7,

其中 kk 为非零常数。

(a) 求 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 的二项式展开中按 xx 升幂排列的前四项,每项化为最简形式。(4 分)

已知展开式中 x,x2,x3x,x^2,x^3 的系数依次为一个等差数列的前三项。

(b) 用代数方法求 kk 的所有可能值。完全依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。(3 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

使用二项式定理(Binomial Theorem)展开公式:

(a+b)n= an+(n1)an−1b +(n2)an−2b2 +(n3)an−3b3+⋯ .\begin{align*} (a+b)^n=&\,a^n+\binom n1a^{n-1}b\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\binom n2a^{n-2}b^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+\binom n3a^{n-3}b^3+\cdots. \end{align*}

本题中 a=2a = 2,b=kx8b = \frac{kx}{8},n=7n = 7。将这些项代入公式并化简前 4 项即可。

答题过程

展开

Using the binomial expansion formula:

f(x)= (2+kx8)7= 27+(71)26(kx8) +(72)25(kx8)2 +(73)24(kx8)3+⋯= 128+7(64)(kx8) +21(32)(k2x264) +35(16)(k3x3512)+⋯= 128+56kx+212k2x2 +3532k3x3+⋯\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x) =&\, \Big( 2 + \frac{kx}{8} \Big)^7 \\ =&\, 2^7 + \binom{7}{1} 2^6 \Big( \frac{kx}{8} \Big) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ \binom{7}{2} 2^5 \Big( \frac{kx}{8} \Big)^2 \\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+ \binom{7}{3} 2^4 \Big( \frac{kx}{8} \Big)^3 + \cdots \\ =&\, 128 + 7(64)\Big( \frac{kx}{8} \Big) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 21(32)\Big( \frac{k^2x^2}{64} \Big) \\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+ 35(16)\Big( \frac{k^3x^3}{512} \Big) + \cdots \\ =&\, 128 + 56kx + \frac{21}{2}k^2x^2 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{35}{32}k^3x^3 + \cdots \end{align*}

Therefore, the first 4 terms of the expansion are:

128+56kx+212k2x2 +3532k3x3.\begin{align*} 128 + 56kx + \frac{21}{2}k^2x^2 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{35}{32}k^3x^3. \end{align*}

解法二:先提取常数因子

思路

展开

将 2+kx/82+kx/8 写成 2(1+kx/16)2(1+kx/16),提取 27=1282^7=128,再使用 (1+u)7(1+u)^7 的前四项。

答题过程

展开 f(x)= 128(1+kx16)7= 128[1+7(kx16) +21(kx16)2 +35(kx16)3+⋯]= 128+56kx+212k2x2 +3532k3x3+⋯ .\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x)=&\,128\Big(1+\frac{kx}{16}\Big)^7\\ =&\,128\Big[1+7\Big(\frac{kx}{16}\Big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+21\Big(\frac{kx}{16}\Big)^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+35\Big(\frac{kx}{16}\Big)^3+\cdots\Big]\\ =&\,128+56kx+\frac{21}{2}k^2x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{35}{32}k^3x^3+\cdots. \end{align*}

Hence the first four terms are 128128, 56kx56kx, 212k2x2\dfrac{21}{2}k^2x^2, and 3532k3x3\dfrac{35}{32}k^3x^3.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

1. 提取系数:从 (a) 的展开式中,得到 xx、x2x^2 和 x3x^3 的系数分别为:

a=56k,b=212k2,c=3532k3a = 56k, \quad b = \frac{21}{2}k^2, \quad c = \frac{35}{32}k^3

2. 等差数列条件:若这三个系数按顺序构成等差数列(arithmetic progression),则满足关系:

2b=a+c2b = a + c

3. 求解 kk:代入系数表达式后,得到一个关于 kk 的三次方程。由于 k≠0k \neq 0,可以两边同除以 kk,从而将其化简为一元二次方程,再进行因式分解即可求出 kk 的可能值。

答题过程

展开

The coefficients of xx, x2x^2 and x3x^3 are 56k56k, 212k2\frac{21}{2}k^2 and 3532k3\frac{35}{32}k^3 respectively.

Since these coefficients form the first 3 terms of an arithmetic progression, we have:

2(212k2)= 56k+3532k321k2= 56k+3532k3.\begin{align*} 2\Big( \frac{21}{2}k^2 \Big) =&\, 56k + \frac{35}{32}k^3 \\ 21k^2 =&\, 56k + \frac{35}{32}k^3. \end{align*}

Given that kk is a non-zero constant (k≠0k \neq 0), we can divide both sides of the equation by kk:

21k= 56+3532k2.\begin{align*} 21k =&\, 56 + \frac{35}{32}k^2. \end{align*}

Multiply the entire equation by 3232 to clear the fraction:

672k= 1792+35k235k2−672k+1792= 0.\begin{align*} 672k =&\, 1792 + 35k^2 \\ 35k^2 - 672k + 1792 =&\, 0. \end{align*}

Divide by 77:

5k2−96k+256= 0(5k−16)(k−16)= 0.\begin{align*} 5k^2 - 96k + 256 =&\, 0 \\ (5k - 16)(k - 16) =&\, 0. \end{align*}

Solving for kk:

k=16ork=165.\begin{align*} k = 16 \quad \text{or} \quad k = \frac{16}{5}. \end{align*}