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P2 2023 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

f(x)=x3+(p+3)x2−x+q\mathrm{f}(x) = x^3 + (p + 3)x^2 - x + q

where pp and qq are constants and p>0p > 0.

Given that (x−3)(x - 3) is a factor of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x),

(a) show that 9p+q=−519p + q = -51.

(2)

Given also that when f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) is divided by (x+p)(x + p) the remainder is 99,

(b) show that 3p2+p+q−9=03p^2 + p + q - 9 = 0.

(2)

(c) Hence find the value of pp and the value of qq.

(3)

(d) Hence find a quadratic expression g(x)\mathrm{g}(x) such that f(x)=(x−3)g(x)\mathrm{f}(x) = (x - 3)\mathrm{g}(x).

(2)
题目中文翻译

已知 f(x)=x3+(p+3)x2−x+q\mathrm{f}(x)=x^3+(p+3)x^2-x+q,其中 p,qp,q 为常数,且 p>0p>0。

已知 x−3x-3 是 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 的因式,

(a) 证明 9p+q=−519p+q=-51。(2 分)

另知 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 除以 x+px+p 的余数为 9,

(b) 证明 3p2+p+q−9=03p^2+p+q-9=0。(2 分)

(c) 由此求 pp 和 qq 的值。(3 分)

(d) 由此求二次式 g(x)\mathrm{g}(x),使 f(x)=(x−3)g(x)\mathrm{f}(x)=(x-3)\mathrm{g}(x)。(2 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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根据因式定理(Factor Theorem),如果 (x−3)(x - 3) 是 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 的因式,那么 f(3)=0\mathrm{f}(3) = 0。 将 x=3x = 3 代入函数表达式,令其等于 00,化简即可得到目标关系式。

答题过程

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Since (x−3)(x - 3) is a factor of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x), by the factor theorem, we have f(3)=0\mathrm{f}(3) = 0:

f(3)= 0(3)3+(p+3)(3)2−3+q= 027+9(p+3)−3+q= 024+9p+27+q= 09p+q+51= 0.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(3) =&\, 0 \\ (3)^3 + (p + 3)(3)^2 - 3 + q =&\, 0 \\ 27 + 9(p + 3) - 3 + q =&\, 0 \\ 24 + 9p + 27 + q =&\, 0 \\ 9p + q + 51 =&\, 0. \end{align*}

Therefore,

9p+q= −51.\begin{align*} 9p + q =&\, -51. \end{align*}

解法二:代数除法

思路

展开

把 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 除以 x−3x-3,写出商与余数恒等式。由于 x−3x-3 是因式,余数必须为零。

答题过程

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Algebraic division gives the quotient x2+(p+6)x+3p+17x^2+(p+6)x+3p+17. Expanding to check,

 (x−3)[x2+(p+6)x+3p+17]= x3+(p+3)x2−x−9p−51.\begin{align*} &\,(x-3)\big[x^2+(p+6)x+3p+17\big]\\ =&\,x^3+(p+3)x^2-x-9p-51. \end{align*}

Therefore

f(x)= (x−3)[x2+(p+6)x+3p+17] +9p+q+51.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x)=&\,(x-3)\big[x^2+(p+6)x+3p+17\big]\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+9p+q+51. \end{align*}

The remainder is zero, so

9p+q+51=0⟹9p+q=−51.9p+q+51=0\quad\Longrightarrow\quad9p+q=-51.

(b)

解法一

思路

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根据余式定理(Remainder Theorem),如果 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 除以 (x+p)(x + p) 的余数是 99,那么 f(−p)=9\mathrm{f}(-p) = 9。 将 x=−px = -p 代入函数表达式,令其等于 99,进行代数化简即可。

答题过程

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Since f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) divided by (x+p)(x + p) leaves a remainder of 99, by the remainder theorem, we have f(−p)=9\mathrm{f}(-p) = 9:

f(−p)= 9(−p)3+(p+3)(−p)2−(−p)+q= 9−p3+(p+3)p2+p+q= 9−p3+p3+3p2+p+q= 93p2+p+q= 9.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(-p) =&\, 9 \\ (-p)^3 + (p + 3)(-p)^2 - (-p) + q =&\, 9 \\ -p^3 + (p + 3)p^2 + p + q =&\, 9 \\ -p^3 + p^3 + 3p^2 + p + q =&\, 9 \\ 3p^2 + p + q =&\, 9. \end{align*}

Therefore,

3p2+p+q−9= 0.\begin{align*} 3p^2 + p + q - 9 =&\, 0. \end{align*}

解法二:用代数除法求余数

思路

展开

将 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 除以 x+px+p,得到商 x2+3x−1−3px^2+3x-1-3p。用展开验证余数,再令其等于 9。

答题过程

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Expanding the quotient product,

 (x+p)(x2+3x−1−3p)= x3+(p+3)x2−x−p−3p2.\begin{align*} &\,(x+p)(x^2+3x-1-3p)\\ =&\,x^3+(p+3)x^2-x-p-3p^2. \end{align*}

Thus

f(x)= (x+p)(x2+3x−1−3p) +3p2+p+q.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x)=&\,(x+p)(x^2+3x-1-3p)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+3p^2+p+q. \end{align*}

The remainder is 9, hence

3p2+p+q=93p^2+p+q=9

and therefore 3p2+p+q−9=03p^2+p+q-9=0, as required.

(c)

解法一

思路

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1. 消元:由 (a) 小题可得 q=−51−9pq = -51 - 9p。

2. 代入求解:将其代入 (b) 小题的方程中,得到一个关于 pp 的一元二次方程。

3. 求解并筛选:解出 pp 的两个值。根据已知条件 p>0p > 0,舍去负值,从而确定 pp。再代入求出 qq。

答题过程

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From part (a), we can express qq in terms of pp:

q= −51−9p.\begin{align*} q =&\, -51 - 9p. \end{align*}

Substitute this expression for qq into the equation from part (b):

3p2+p+(−51−9p)−9= 03p2−8p−60= 0(3p+10)(p−6)= 0.\begin{align*} 3p^2 + p + (-51 - 9p) - 9 =&\, 0 \\ 3p^2 - 8p - 60 =&\, 0 \\ (3p + 10)(p - 6) =&\, 0. \end{align*}

This gives:

p=−103orp=6.\begin{align*} p = -\frac{10}{3} \quad \text{or} \quad p = 6. \end{align*}

Since p>0p > 0, we choose:

p= 6.\begin{align*} p =&\, 6. \end{align*}

Substituting p=6p = 6 back into the expression for qq:

q= −51−9(6)= −51−54= −105.\begin{align*} q =&\, -51 - 9(6) \\ =&\, -51 - 54 \\ =&\, -105. \end{align*}

Thus, the values are:

p=6,q=−105.\begin{align*} p = 6, \quad q = -105. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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将 p=6p = 6 和 q=−105q = -105 代入原函数,得到 f(x)=x3+9x2−x−105\mathrm{f}(x) = x^3 + 9x^2 - x - 105。 利用多项式除法(polynomial division)或待定系数法将 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 除以 (x−3)(x - 3),所得的商式即为二次多项式 g(x)\mathrm{g}(x)。

答题过程

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Substituting p=6p = 6 and q=−105q = -105 into f(x)\mathrm{f}(x):

f(x)= x3+9x2−x−105.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x) =&\, x^3 + 9x^2 - x - 105. \end{align*}

We divide f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) by (x−3)(x - 3) using algebraic long division or division by inspection:

x3+9x2−x−105= x2(x−3)+3x2+9x2 −x−105= x2(x−3)+12x2−x−105= x2(x−3)+12x(x−3) +36x−x−105= x2(x−3)+12x(x−3) +35x−105= x2(x−3)+12x(x−3) +35(x−3)= (x−3)(x2+12x+35).\begin{align*} x^3 + 9x^2 - x - 105 \\ =&\, x^2(x - 3) + 3x^2 + 9x^2 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}- x - 105 \\ =&\, x^2(x - 3) + 12x^2 - x - 105 \\ =&\, x^2(x - 3) + 12x(x - 3) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 36x - x - 105 \\ =&\, x^2(x - 3) + 12x(x - 3) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 35x - 105 \\ =&\, x^2(x - 3) + 12x(x - 3) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 35(x - 3) \\ =&\, (x - 3)(x^2 + 12x + 35). \end{align*}

Comparing this to f(x)=(x−3)g(x)\mathrm{f}(x) = (x - 3)\mathrm{g}(x), the quadratic expression is:

g(x)= x2+12x+35.\begin{align*} \mathrm{g}(x) =&\, x^2 + 12x + 35. \end{align*}