题目
Problem
The circle C C C has equation
x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = 0 x^2 + y^2 + 8x - 4y = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = 0
(a) Find
(i) the coordinates of the centre of C C C ,
(ii) the exact radius of C C C .
(3)
The point P P P lies on C C C .
Given that the tangent to C C C at P P P has equation x + 2 y + 10 = 0 x + 2y + 10 = 0 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ,
(b) find the coordinates of P P P .
(4)
(c) Find the equation of the normal to C C C at P P P , giving your answer in the form y = m x + c y = mx + c y = m x + c where m m m and c c c are integers to be found.
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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配方法 :將圓的方程 x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = 0 x^2 + y^2 + 8x - 4y = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = 0 整理為標準式 ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2 (x - a)^2 + (y - b)^2 = r^2 ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2 。
對 x x x 項配方:x 2 + 8 x = ( x + 4 ) 2 − 16 x^2 + 8x = (x + 4)^2 - 16 x 2 + 8 x = ( x + 4 ) 2 − 16 。
對 y y y 項配方:y 2 − 4 y = ( y − 2 ) 2 − 4 y^2 - 4y = (y - 2)^2 - 4 y 2 − 4 y = ( y − 2 ) 2 − 4 。
提取圓心和半徑 :
整理後得:( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y − 2 ) 2 = 20 (x + 4)^2 + (y - 2)^2 = 20 ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y − 2 ) 2 = 20 。
圓心坐標為 ( − 4 , 2 ) (-4, 2) ( − 4 , 2 ) 。
半徑 r = 20 = 2 5 r = \sqrt{20} = 2\sqrt{5} r = 20 = 2 5 。
答题过程
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Rearrange the equation of the circle by completing the square for both x x x and y y y terms:
x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = 0 ( x 2 + 8 x ) + ( y 2 − 4 y ) = 0 ( x + 4 ) 2 − 16 + ( y − 2 ) 2 − 4 = 0 ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y − 2 ) 2 = 20. \begin{align*}
x^2 + y^2 + 8x - 4y =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
(x^2 + 8x) + (y^2 - 4y) =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
(x + 4)^2 - 16 + (y - 2)^2 - 4 =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
(x + 4)^2 + (y - 2)^2 =&\,\, 20.
\end{align*} x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 4 y = ( x 2 + 8 x ) + ( y 2 − 4 y ) = ( x + 4 ) 2 − 16 + ( y − 2 ) 2 − 4 = ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y − 2 ) 2 = 0 0 0 20.
Comparing this to the standard circle equation ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2 (x - a)^2 + (y - b)^2 = r^2 ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2 :
(i) The coordinates of the centre of C C C are:
( − 4 , 2 ) . \begin{align*}
(-4, 2).
\end{align*} ( − 4 , 2 ) .
(ii) The exact radius of C C C is:
r = 20 ( or 2 5 ) . \begin{align*}
r =&\,\, \sqrt{20} \quad \left( \text{or } 2\sqrt{5} \right).
\end{align*} r = 20 ( or 2 5 ) .
(b)
解法一
思路
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聯立方程 :點 P P P 是切線 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 x + 2y + 10 = 0 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 與圓 C C C 的交點。
消元 :從切線方程中解出 x = − 2 y − 10 x = -2y - 10 x = − 2 y − 10 ,然後將其代入圓的方程中,得到一個關於 y y y 的一元二次方程。
求解 :解方程求出唯一的 y y y 值(因為是切線,所以只會有一個重根),進而求出對應的 x x x 值,即為 P P P 點的坐標。
答题过程
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The tangent line equation is:
x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ x = − 2 y − 10. \begin{align*}
x + 2y + 10 =&\,\, 0 \implies x = -2y - 10.
\end{align*} x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ x = − 2 y − 10.
Since the point P P P lies on both the circle C C C and the tangent line, we substitute x = − 2 y − 10 x = -2y - 10 x = − 2 y − 10 into the circle’s equation:
( − 2 y − 10 ) 2 + y 2 + 8 ( − 2 y − 10 ) − 4 y = 0 ( 4 y 2 + 40 y + 100 ) + y 2 − 16 y − 80 − 4 y = 0 5 y 2 + 20 y + 20 = 0. \begin{align*}
(-2y - 10)^2 + y^2 + 8(-2y - 10) - 4y =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
(4y^2 + 40y + 100) + y^2 - 16y - 80 - 4y =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
5y^2 + 20y + 20 =&\,\, 0.
\end{align*} ( − 2 y − 10 ) 2 + y 2 + 8 ( − 2 y − 10 ) − 4 y = ( 4 y 2 + 40 y + 100 ) + y 2 − 16 y − 80 − 4 y = 5 y 2 + 20 y + 20 = 0 0 0.
Divide the entire equation by 5 5 5 :
y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 0 ( y + 2 ) 2 = 0. \begin{align*}
y^2 + 4y + 4 =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm]
(y + 2)^2 =&\,\, 0.
\end{align*} y 2 + 4 y + 4 = ( y + 2 ) 2 = 0 0.
Solving for y y y :
y = − 2. \begin{align*}
y =&\,\, -2.
\end{align*} y = − 2.
Substitute y = − 2 y = -2 y = − 2 back into the expression for x x x :
x = − 2 ( − 2 ) − 10 = 4 − 10 = − 6. \begin{align*}
x =&\,\, -2(-2) - 10 \\[2mm]
=&\,\, 4 - 10 \\[2mm]
=&\,\, -6.
\end{align*} x = = = − 2 ( − 2 ) − 10 4 − 10 − 6.
Therefore, the coordinates of P P P are:
( − 6 , − 2 ) . \begin{align*}
(-6, -2).
\end{align*} ( − 6 , − 2 ) .
(c)
解法一
思路
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法線斜率 :法線垂直於切線。
切線方程為 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ y = − 1 2 x − 5 x + 2y + 10 = 0 \implies y = -\frac{1}{2}x - 5 x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ y = − 2 1 x − 5 ,其斜率為 m t = − 1 2 m_t = -\frac{1}{2} m t = − 2 1 。
由於法線垂直於切線,法线的斜率为 m = − 1 m t = 2 m = -\frac{1}{m_t} = 2 m = − m t 1 = 2 。
求法線方程 :法線必過圓心 ( − 4 , 2 ) (-4, 2) ( − 4 , 2 ) 以及切點 P ( − 6 , − 2 ) P(-6, -2) P ( − 6 , − 2 ) 。
利用點斜式,代入斜率 m = 2 m = 2 m = 2 和點 ( − 4 , 2 ) (-4, 2) ( − 4 , 2 ) ,即可求得法線方程,並整理成 y = m x + c y = mx + c y = m x + c 的形式。
答题过程
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The equation of the tangent line is:
x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ y = − 1 2 x − 5. \begin{align*}
x + 2y + 10 =&\,\, 0 \implies y = -\frac{1}{2}x - 5.
\end{align*} x + 2 y + 10 = 0 ⟹ y = − 2 1 x − 5.
The gradient of the tangent line is − 1 2 -\frac{1}{2} − 2 1 . Since the normal to the circle at P P P is perpendicular to the tangent line at P P P , the gradient of the normal, m m m , is:
m = − 1 − 1 2 = 2. \begin{align*}
m =&\,\, -\frac{1}{-\frac{1}{2}} = 2.
\end{align*} m = − − 2 1 1 = 2.
The normal passes through the centre of the circle ( − 4 , 2 ) (-4, 2) ( − 4 , 2 ) and the point P ( − 6 , − 2 ) P(-6, -2) P ( − 6 , − 2 ) . Using the point-slope form with the centre ( − 4 , 2 ) (-4, 2) ( − 4 , 2 ) :
y − 2 = 2 ( x − ( − 4 ) ) y − 2 = 2 x + 8 y = 2 x + 10. \begin{align*}
y - 2 =&\,\, 2(x - (-4)) \\[2mm]
y - 2 =&\,\, 2x + 8 \\[2mm]
y =&\,\, 2x + 10.
\end{align*} y − 2 = y − 2 = y = 2 ( x − ( − 4 )) 2 x + 8 2 x + 10.
Therefore, the equation of the normal to C C C at P P P is:
y = 2 x + 10. \begin{align*}
y =&\,\, 2x + 10.
\end{align*} y = 2 x + 10.