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P2 2023 Jan Q9

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Figure 3 shows

  • the curve CC with equation y=x2−4x+5y = x^2 - 4x + 5
  • the line ll with equation y=2y = 2

The curve CC intersects the yy-axis at the point DD.

(a) Write down the coordinates of DD.

(1)

The curve CC intersects the line ll at the points EE and FF, as shown in Figure 3.

(b) Find the xx coordinate of EE and the xx coordinate of FF.

(2)

Shown shaded in Figure 3 is

  • the region R1R_1 which is bounded by CC, ll and the yy-axis
  • the region R2R_2 which is bounded by CC and the line segments EFEF and DFDF

Given that area of R1area of R2=k\frac{\text{area of } R_1}{\text{area of } R_2} = k, where kk is a constant,

(c) use algebraic integration to find the exact value of kk, giving your answer as a simplified fraction.

(5)
题目中文翻译

本题必须展示全部计算步骤。完全依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。

图 3 显示曲线 C:y=x2−4x+5C:y=x^2-4x+5 和直线 l:y=2l:y=2。曲线 CC 与 yy 轴交于点 DD。

(a) 写出 DD 的坐标。(1 分)

曲线与直线相交于图 3 中的 E,FE,F。

(b) 求 E,FE,F 各自的 xx 坐标。(2 分)

图 3 的阴影包括区域 R1R_1 和 R2R_2。R1R_1 由 C,l,yC,l,y 轴围成;R2R_2 由 CC 及线段 EF,DFEF,DF 围成。

已知 R1R_1 的面积除以 R2R_2 的面积为常数 kk,

(c) 使用代数积分求 kk 的精确值,答案写成最简分数。(5 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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曲线 CC 与 yy 轴相交于点 DD,即该点的 xx 坐标为 00。 将 x=0x = 0 代入曲线方程 y=x2−4x+5y = x^2 - 4x + 5,即可求出 DD 的 yy 坐标,写出坐标形式即可。

答题过程

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The curve CC intersects the yy-axis at point DD. Substituting x=0x = 0 into the equation of CC:

y= 02−4(0)+5=5.\begin{align*} y =&\, 0^2 - 4(0) + 5 = 5. \end{align*}

Therefore, the coordinates of DD are:

(0,5).\begin{align*} (0, 5). \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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点 EE 和 FF 是曲线 CC 与直线 l:y=2l: y = 2 的交点。 联立方程,令 x2−4x+5=2x^2 - 4x + 5 = 2,得到一个一元二次方程,因式分解解出两个根。 根据图中位置,较小的根为 EE 的 xx 坐标,较大的根为 FF 的 xx 坐标。

答题过程

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Set the equation of curve CC equal to the equation of line ll:

x2−4x+5= 2x2−4x+3= 0(x−1)(x−3)= 0.\begin{align*} x^2 - 4x + 5 =&\, 2 \\ x^2 - 4x + 3 =&\, 0 \\ (x - 1)(x - 3) =&\, 0. \end{align*}

Solving for xx gives x=1x = 1 or x=3x = 3.

Since EE lies to the left of FF:

  • The xx coordinate of EE is 11.

  • The xx coordinate of FF is 33.

(c)

解法一

思路

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本题需要分别求出区域 R1R_1 和 R2R_2 的面积:

1. 计算 Area(R1)\text{Area}(R_1): 区域 R1R_1 在 x∈[0,1]x \in [0, 1] 区间内,由曲线 CC(上方)和直线 y=2y=2(下方)围成。

Area(R1)= ∫01(yC−yl) dx= ∫01(x2−4x+5−2) dx= ∫01(x2−4x+3) dx\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_1) =&\, \int_0^1 (y_C - y_l) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5 - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 3) \, \mathrm{d}x \end{align*}

2. 计算 Area(R2)\text{Area}(R_2):

  • 方法一:割补法。区域 R2R_2 可以看作是直线段 DFDF 下方的梯形面积,减去其分段下边界以下的面积。

  • 直线段 DFDF 连接 D(0,5)D(0, 5) 和 F(3,2)F(3, 2)。其下方的投影是一个直角梯形,上底为 55,下底为 22,高为 33。

Area(Trapezium)= 5+22×3= 212\begin{align*} \text{Area}(\text{Trapezium}) =&\, \frac{5 + 2}{2} \times 3 \\ =&\, \frac{21}{2} \end{align*}
  • 分段下边界以下的面积(从 x=0x=0 到 x=3x=3)可以分为两部分:

  • 在 x∈[0,1]x \in [0, 1] 上,是曲线 CC 下方的面积:∫01(x2−4x+5) dx\int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x。

  • 在 x∈[1,3]x \in [1, 3] 上,是直线 y=2y = 2 下方的矩形面积:2×2=42 \times 2 = 4。

  • 故分段下边界以下的总面积为:

∫01(x2−4x+5) dx+4= 103+4= 223\begin{align*} \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x + 4 =&\, \frac{10}{3} + 4 \\ =&\, \frac{22}{3} \end{align*}
  • 区域 R2R_2 的面积为:
Area(R2)= 212−223= 196\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_2) =&\, \frac{21}{2} - \frac{22}{3} \\ =&\, \frac{19}{6} \end{align*}

3. 计算比值 kk:

k= Area(R1)Area(R2)= 4/319/6= 819\begin{align*} k =&\, \frac{\text{Area}(R_1)}{\text{Area}(R_2)} \\ =&\, \frac{4/3}{19/6} \\ =&\, \frac{8}{19} \end{align*}

答题过程

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Step 1: Find the Area of R1R_1

The region R1R_1 is bounded above by the curve CC and below by the line y=2y = 2 from x=0x = 0 to x=1x = 1.

Area(R1)= ∫01((x2−4x+5)−2) dx= ∫01(x2−4x+3) dx= [13x3−2x2+3x]01= (13(1)3−2(1)2+3(1))−0= 13−2+3= 43.\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_1) =&\, \int_{0}^{1} \Big( (x^2 - 4x + 5) - 2 \Big) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \int_{0}^{1} \Big( x^2 - 4x + 3 \Big) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \Big[ \frac{1}{3}x^3 - 2x^2 + 3x \Big]_0^1 \\ =&\, \Big( \frac{1}{3}(1)^3 - 2(1)^2 + 3(1) \Big) - 0 \\ =&\, \frac{1}{3} - 2 + 3 \\ =&\, \frac{4}{3}. \end{align*}

Step 2: Find the Area of R2R_2

First, find the equation of the line segment DFDF connecting D(0,5)D(0, 5) and F(3,2)F(3, 2).

The gradient of DFDF is:

mDF= 2−53−0=−1.\begin{align*} m_{DF} =&\, \frac{2 - 5}{3 - 0} = -1. \end{align*}

Since the yy-intercept is 55, the equation of the line DFDF is:

y= −x+5.\begin{align*} y =&\, -x + 5. \end{align*}

The region R2R_2 is bounded above by the line segment DFDF and below by:

  • The curve CC from x=0x = 0 to x=1x = 1.

  • The line y=2y = 2 from x=1x = 1 to x=3x = 3.

We can calculate the area of R2R_2 by subtracting the area under the bottom boundary from the area of the trapezium under the line segment DFDF (from x=0x = 0 to x=3x = 3).

  • Area of the trapezium under DFDF:
Areatrap= 5+22×3=212.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{trap}} =&\, \frac{5 + 2}{2} \times 3 = \frac{21}{2}. \end{align*}
  • Area under the bottom boundary: For x∈[0,1]x \in [0, 1], the area under the curve CC is:
AreaC= ∫01(x2−4x+5) dx= [13x3−2x2+5x]01= 13−2+5= 103.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{C} =&\, \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x \\ =&\, \Big[ \frac{1}{3}x^3 - 2x^2 + 5x \Big]_0^1 \\ =&\, \frac{1}{3} - 2 + 5 \\ =&\, \frac{10}{3}. \end{align*}

For x∈[1,3]x \in [1, 3], the area under the line y=2y = 2 is a rectangle of width 22 and height 22:

Arearect= 2×2=4.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{rect}} =&\, 2 \times 2 = 4. \end{align*}

也可由曲线积分减矩形求 R1R_1:A1=10/3−2×1=4/3A_1=10/3-2\times1=4/3。但 R2R_2 的下边界在 x=1x=1 后是直线,不是曲线。

So, the total area under the bottom boundary is:

Areabottom= 103+4=223.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{bottom}} =&\, \frac{10}{3} + 4 = \frac{22}{3}. \end{align*}
  • Area of R2R_2:
Area(R2)= Areatrap−Areabottom= 212−223= 63−446= 196.\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_2) =&\, \text{Area}_{\text{trap}} - \text{Area}_{\text{bottom}} \\ =&\, \frac{21}{2} - \frac{22}{3} \\ =&\, \frac{63 - 44}{6} \\ =&\, \frac{19}{6}. \end{align*}

Step 3: Calculate the value of kk

k= Area(R1)Area(R2)= 43196= 43×619= 819.\begin{align*} k =&\, \frac{\text{Area}(R_1)}{\text{Area}(R_2)} \\ =&\, \frac{\frac{4}{3}}{\frac{19}{6}} \\ =&\, \frac{4}{3} \times \frac{6}{19} \\ =&\, \frac{8}{19}. \end{align*}

Therefore, the exact value of kk is 819\frac{8}{19}.

解法二:三角形面积减去 R1

思路

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由前两小题,D=(0,5)D=(0,5)、F=(3,2)F=(3,2)。水平线 y=2y=2 与 yy 轴交于 G=(0,2)G=(0,2)。三角形 DGFDGF 恰好由 R1R_1 与 R2R_2 组成,所以求出 R1R_1 后作差即可。

答题过程

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As in method 1, algebraic integration gives

A1= ∫01(x2−4x+3) dx= [x33−2x2+3x]01= 43.\begin{align*} A_1=&\,\int_0^1(x^2-4x+3)\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\Big[\frac{x^3}{3}-2x^2+3x\Big]_0^1\\ =&\,\frac43. \end{align*}

Let G=(0,2)G=(0,2). Then DG=3DG=3 and GF=3GF=3, and DGFDGF consists of R1R_1 and R2R_2. Hence

A2= 12(3)(3)−A1= 92−43=196k= 4/319/6=819.\begin{align*} A_2=&\,\frac12(3)(3)-A_1\\ =&\,\frac92-\frac43=\frac{19}{6}\\ k=&\,\frac{4/3}{19/6}=\frac8{19}. \end{align*}

解法三:分段直接积分

思路

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直线 DFDF 为 y=5−xy=5-x。R2R_2 的上边界始终是 DFDF,但下边界在 x=1x=1 处变化:0⩽x⩽10\leqslant x\leqslant1 为曲线,1⩽x⩽31\leqslant x\leqslant3 为水平线 y=2y=2。分段求面积,后一段也可直接看成面积为 2 的三角形。

答题过程

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The gradient of DFDF is (2−5)/(3−0)=−1(2-5)/(3-0)=-1, so DFDF has equation y=5−xy=5-x.

As in method 1,

A1=[x33−2x2+3x]01=43.A_1=\Big[\frac{x^3}{3}-2x^2+3x\Big]_0^1=\frac43.

The area of R2R_2 is

A2= ∫01[(5−x)−(x2−4x+5)] dx +∫13[(5−x)−2] dx= [3x22−x33]01 +[3x−x22]13= 76+2=196.\begin{align*} A_2=&\,\int_0^1\big[(5-x)-(x^2-4x+5)\big] \,\mathrm{d}x\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\int_1^3\big[(5-x)-2\big]\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\Big[\frac{3x^2}{2}-\frac{x^3}{3}\Big]_0^1\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\Big[3x-\frac{x^2}{2}\Big]_1^3\\ =&\,\frac76+2=\frac{19}{6}. \end{align*}

Therefore k=(4/3)/(19/6)=8/19k=(4/3)/(19/6)=8/19.

解法四:整段积分后扣除多算面积

思路

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先求 DFDF 与曲线之间从 0 到 3 的整块面积;其中 1<x<31<x<3、曲线低于 y=2y=2 的一块不属于 R2R_2,必须扣除。注意这一块虽然也等于 4/34/3,却不是左侧的 R1R_1,不能混淆边界。

答题过程

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The line DFDF has equation y=5−xy=5-x. Its area above the curve for 0⩽x⩽30\leqslant x\leqslant3 is

B= ∫03(3x−x2) dx= [3x22−x33]03= 92.\begin{align*} B=&\,\int_0^3(3x-x^2)\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\Big[\frac{3x^2}{2}-\frac{x^3}{3}\Big]_0^3\\ =&\,\frac92. \end{align*}

The extra area below y=2y=2 for 1⩽x⩽31\leqslant x\leqslant3 is

E= ∫13[2−(x2−4x+5)] dx= [−x33+2x2−3x]13= 0−(−43)=43.\begin{align*} E=&\,\int_1^3\big[2-(x^2-4x+5)\big]\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\Big[-\frac{x^3}{3}+2x^2-3x\Big]_1^3\\ =&\,0-\Big(-\frac43\Big)=\frac43. \end{align*}

Using A1=4/3A_1=4/3 from method 1,

A2= B−E=92−43=196k= A1A2=819.\begin{align*} A_2=&\,B-E=\frac92-\frac43=\frac{19}{6}\\ k=&\,\frac{A_1}{A_2}=\frac8{19}. \end{align*}