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IAL 2023 Jan Q9

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions based entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Figure 3 shows

  • the curve CC with equation y=x24x+5y = x^2 - 4x + 5
  • the line ll with equation y=2y = 2

The curve CC intersects the yy-axis at the point DD.

(a) Write down the coordinates of DD.

(1)

The curve CC intersects the line ll at the points EE and FF, as shown in Figure 3.

(b) Find the xx coordinate of EE and the xx coordinate of FF.

(2)

Shown shaded in Figure 3 is

  • the region R1R_1 which is bounded by CC, ll and the yy-axis
  • the region R2R_2 which is bounded by CC and the line segments EFEF and DFDF

Given that area of R1area of R2=k\frac{\text{area of } R_1}{\text{area of } R_2} = k, where kk is a constant,

(c) use algebraic integration to find the exact value of kk, giving your answer as a simplified fraction.

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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曲線 CCyy 軸相交於點 DD,即該點的 xx 坐標為 00。 將 x=0x = 0 代入曲線方程 y=x24x+5y = x^2 - 4x + 5,即可求出 DDyy 坐标,寫出坐標形式即可。

答题过程

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The curve CC intersects the yy-axis at point DD. Substituting x=0x = 0 into the equation of CC:

y=024(0)+5=5.\begin{align*} y =&\,\, 0^2 - 4(0) + 5 = 5. \end{align*}

Therefore, the coordinates of DD are:

(0,5).\begin{align*} (0, 5). \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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EEFF 是曲線 CC 與直線 l:y=2l: y = 2 的交點。 聯立方程,令 x24x+5=2x^2 - 4x + 5 = 2,得到一個一元二次方程,因式分解解出兩個根。 根據圖中位置,較小的根為 EExx 坐標,較大的根為 FFxx 坐標。

答题过程

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Set the equation of curve CC equal to the equation of line ll:

x24x+5=2x24x+3=0(x1)(x3)=0.\begin{align*} x^2 - 4x + 5 =&\,\, 2 \\[2mm] x^2 - 4x + 3 =&\,\, 0 \\[2mm] (x - 1)(x - 3) =&\,\, 0. \end{align*}

Solving for xx gives x=1x = 1 or x=3x = 3.

Since EE lies to the left of FF:

  • The xx coordinate of EE is 11.
  • The xx coordinate of FF is 33.

(c)

解法一

思路

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本題需要分別求出區域 R1R_1R2R_2 的面積:

  1. 計算 Area(R1)\text{Area}(R_1): 區域 R1R_1x[0,1]x \in [0, 1] 區間內,由曲線 CC(上方)和直線 y=2y=2(下方)圍成。 Area(R1)=01(yCyl)dx=01(x24x+52)dx=01(x24x+3)dx\text{Area}(R_1) = \int_0^1 (y_C - y_l) \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5 - 2) \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 3) \, \mathrm{d}x
  2. 計算 Area(R2)\text{Area}(R_2)
    • 方法一:割補法。區域 R2R_2 可以看作是直線段 DFDF 下方的梯形面積,減去曲線 CC 下方的面積。
      • 直線段 DFDF 連接 D(0,5)D(0, 5)F(3,2)F(3, 2)。其下方的投影是一個直角梯形,上底為 55,下底為 22,高為 33Area(Trapezium)=5+22×3=212\text{Area}(\text{Trapezium}) = \frac{5 + 2}{2} \times 3 = \frac{21}{2}
      • 曲線 CC 下方的面積(從 x=0x=0x=3x=3)可以分為兩部分:
        • x[0,1]x \in [0, 1] 上,是曲線 CC 下方的面積:01(x24x+5)dx\int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x
        • x[1,3]x \in [1, 3] 上,是直線 y=2y = 2 下方的矩形面積:2×2=42 \times 2 = 4
        • 故曲線 CC 下方的總面積為: 01(x24x+5)dx+4=103+4=223\int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x + 4 = \frac{10}{3} + 4 = \frac{22}{3}
      • 區域 R2R_2 的面積為: Area(R2)=212223=196\text{Area}(R_2) = \frac{21}{2} - \frac{22}{3} = \frac{19}{6}
  3. 計算比值 kkk=Area(R1)Area(R2)=4/319/6=819k = \frac{\text{Area}(R_1)}{\text{Area}(R_2)} = \frac{4/3}{19/6} = \frac{8}{19}

答题过程

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Step 1: Find the Area of R1R_1

The region R1R_1 is bounded above by the curve CC and below by the line y=2y = 2 from x=0x = 0 to x=1x = 1.

Area(R1)=01((x24x+5)2)dx=01(x24x+3)dx=[13x32x2+3x]01=(13(1)32(1)2+3(1))0=132+3=43.\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_1) =&\,\, \int_{0}^{1} \left( (x^2 - 4x + 5) - 2 \right) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[3mm] =&\,\, \int_{0}^{1} \left( x^2 - 4x + 3 \right) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[3mm] =&\,\, \left[ \frac{1}{3}x^3 - 2x^2 + 3x \right]_0^1 \\[3mm] =&\,\, \left( \frac{1}{3}(1)^3 - 2(1)^2 + 3(1) \right) - 0 \\[3mm] =&\,\, \frac{1}{3} - 2 + 3 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{4}{3}. \end{align*}

Step 2: Find the Area of R2R_2

First, find the equation of the line segment DFDF connecting D(0,5)D(0, 5) and F(3,2)F(3, 2).

The gradient of DFDF is:

mDF=2530=1.\begin{align*} m_{DF} =&\,\, \frac{2 - 5}{3 - 0} = -1. \end{align*}

Since the yy-intercept is 55, the equation of the line DFDF is:

y=x+5.\begin{align*} y =&\,\, -x + 5. \end{align*}

The region R2R_2 is bounded above by the line segment DFDF and below by:

  • The curve CC from x=0x = 0 to x=1x = 1.
  • The line y=2y = 2 from x=1x = 1 to x=3x = 3.

We can calculate the area of R2R_2 by subtracting the area under the bottom boundary from the area of the trapezium under the line segment DFDF (from x=0x = 0 to x=3x = 3).

  • Area of the trapezium under DFDF:

    Areatrap=5+22×3=212.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{trap}} =&\,\, \frac{5 + 2}{2} \times 3 = \frac{21}{2}. \end{align*}
  • Area under the bottom boundary: For x[0,1]x \in [0, 1], the area under the curve CC is:

    AreaC=01(x24x+5)dx=[13x32x2+5x]01=132+5=103.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{C} =&\,\, \int_0^1 (x^2 - 4x + 5) \, \mathrm{d}x \\[3mm] =&\,\, \left[ \frac{1}{3}x^3 - 2x^2 + 5x \right]_0^1 \\[3mm] =&\,\, \frac{1}{3} - 2 + 5 \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{10}{3}. \end{align*}

    For x[1,3]x \in [1, 3], the area under the line y=2y = 2 is a rectangle of width 22 and height 22:

    Arearect=2×2=4.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{rect}} =&\,\, 2 \times 2 = 4. \end{align*}

    So, the total area under the bottom boundary is:

    Areabottom=103+4=223.\begin{align*} \text{Area}_{\text{bottom}} =&\,\, \frac{10}{3} + 4 = \frac{22}{3}. \end{align*}
  • Area of R2R_2:

    Area(R2)=AreatrapAreabottom=212223=63446=196.\begin{align*} \text{Area}(R_2) =&\,\, \text{Area}_{\text{trap}} - \text{Area}_{\text{bottom}} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{21}{2} - \frac{22}{3} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{63 - 44}{6} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{19}{6}. \end{align*}

Step 3: Calculate the value of kk

k=Area(R1)Area(R2)=43196=43×619=819.\begin{align*} k =&\,\, \frac{\text{Area}(R_1)}{\text{Area}(R_2)} \\[3mm] =&\,\, \frac{\frac{4}{3}}{\frac{19}{6}} \\[3mm] =&\,\, \frac{4}{3} \times \frac{6}{19} \\[2mm] =&\,\, \frac{8}{19}. \end{align*}

Therefore, the exact value of kk is 819\frac{8}{19}.