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P2 2023 May Q10

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 May Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

The curve CC has equation

y=(x−k)2xx>0y = \frac{(x - k)^2}{\sqrt{x}} \qquad x > 0

where kk is a positive constant.

(a) Show that

∫116(x−k)2x dx=ak2+bk+20465\int_1^{16} \frac{(x-k)^2}{\sqrt{x}}\,\mathrm{d}x = ak^2 + bk + \frac{2046}{5}

where aa and bb are integers to be found.

(5)

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve CC and the line ll.

Given that ll intersects CC at the point A(1, 9)A(1,\, 9) and at the point B(16, q)B(16,\, q) where qq is a constant,

(b) show that k=4k = 4

(2)

The region RR, shown shaded in Figure 1, is bounded by CC and ll.

Using the answers to parts (a) and (b),

(c) find the area of region RR

(3)
题目中文翻译

曲线 CC 的方程为 y=(x−k)2/xy=(x-k)^2/\sqrt{x},x>0x>0,其中 kk 为正常数。

(a) 证明

∫116(x−k)2x dx=ak2+bk+20465,\int_1^{16}\frac{(x-k)^2}{\sqrt{x}}\,\mathrm{d}x =ak^2+bk+\frac{2046}{5},

其中 a,ba,b 为待求的整数。(5 分)

图 1 为曲线 CC 和直线 ll 的示意图。已知 ll 与 CC 交于 A(1,9)A(1,9) 和 B(16,q)B(16,q),其中 qq 为常数。

(b) 证明 k=4k=4。(2 分)

图 1 中的阴影区域 RR 由曲线 CC 和直线 ll 围成。使用 (a)、(b) 的答案,

(c) 求 RR 的面积。(3 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

展开分子,分别除以 x\sqrt{x},转成幂函数后逐项积分。完整代入上限 16 与下限 1,再按 kk 的幂次合并。

答题过程

展开 (x−k)2x= x2−2kx+k2x1/2= x3/2−2kx1/2+k2x−1/2\begin{align*} \frac{(x-k)^2}{\sqrt{x}} =&\, \frac{x^2 - 2kx + k^2}{x^{1/2}} \\ =&\, x^{3/2} - 2kx^{1/2} + k^2 x^{-1/2} \end{align*}

Let II denote the required integral. Using the power rule,

I= [25x5/2−4k3x3/2 +2k2x1/2]116.\begin{align*} I=&\,\Big[\frac25x^{5/2}-\frac{4k}{3}x^{3/2}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+2k^2x^{1/2}\Big]_1^{16}. \end{align*}

At x=16x=16, the powers x1/2,x3/2,x5/2x^{1/2},x^{3/2},x^{5/2} are 4,64,10244,64,1024 respectively. At x=1x=1, all three powers are 1. Therefore

I= (20485−256k3+8k2) −(25−4k3+2k2)= (8−2)k2+−256+43k +2048−25= 6k2−84k+20465.\begin{align*} I=&\,\Big(\frac{2048}{5}-\frac{256k}{3}+8k^2\Big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\Big(\frac25-\frac{4k}{3}+2k^2\Big)\\ =&\,(8-2)k^2+\frac{-256+4}{3}k\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{2048-2}{5}\\ =&\,6k^2-84k+\frac{2046}{5}. \end{align*} 6k2−84k+20465\boxed{6k^2 - 84k + \frac{2046}{5}}

So a=6a = 6 and b=−84b = -84.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

点 A(1,9)A(1,9) 在曲线上,代入求 kk;按 k>0k>0 排除负值。

答题过程

展开

Since A(1,9)A(1, 9) lies on CC:

9= (1−k)21=(1−k)21−k= ±3k= −2ork=4\begin{align*} 9 =&\, \frac{(1-k)^2}{\sqrt{1}} = (1-k)^2 \\ 1 - k =&\, \pm 3 \\ k =&\, -2 \quad \text{or} \quad k = 4 \end{align*}

Since kk is a positive constant:

k=4\boxed{k = 4}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

承接 (a)(b),将 k=4k=4 代入积分,并求 BB 的纵坐标。区域面积是直线下方面积减曲线下方面积。

答题过程

展开

With k=4k = 4, the integral from part (a) gives:

I∣k=4= 6(4)2−84(4)+20465= 96−336+409.2= 169.2\begin{align*} I\big|_{k=4} =&\, 6(4)^2 - 84(4) + \frac{2046}{5} \\ =&\, 96 - 336 + 409.2 \\ =&\, 169.2 \end{align*}

At B(16,q)B(16, q): q=(16−4)216=1444=36q = \dfrac{(16-4)^2}{\sqrt{16}} = \dfrac{144}{4} = 36.

Line ll through A(1,9)A(1, 9) and B(16,36)B(16, 36):

m= 36−916−1= 2715= 95\begin{align*} m =&\, \frac{36 - 9}{16 - 1} \\ =&\, \frac{27}{15} \\ =&\, \frac{9}{5} \end{align*}

Writing the line as y=(9/5)x+cy=(9/5)x+c and using A(1,9)A(1,9),

9= 95+cc= 365.\begin{align*} 9=&\,\frac95+c\\ c=&\,\frac{36}{5}. \end{align*}

Hence ll has equation y=(9/5)x+36/5y=(9/5)x+36/5.

Area of region RR:

Area= ∫116(95x+365) dx−169.2= [910x2+365x]116−169.2= (910(256)+365(16)) −(910+365)−169.2= (230.4+115.2)−(0.9+7.2)−169.2= 345.6−8.1−169.2= 168310\begin{align*} \text{Area} =&\, \int_1^{16} \Big(\frac{9}{5}x + \frac{36}{5}\Big)\,\mathrm{d}x - 169.2 \\ =&\, \Big[\frac{9}{10}x^2 + \frac{36}{5}x\Big]_1^{16} - 169.2 \\ =&\, \Big(\frac{9}{10}(256) + \frac{36}{5}(16)\Big) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\Big(\frac{9}{10}+\frac{36}{5}\Big)-169.2 \\ =&\, (230.4 + 115.2) - (0.9 + 7.2) - 169.2 \\ =&\, 345.6 - 8.1 - 169.2 \\ =&\, \frac{1683}{10} \end{align*} 168310\boxed{\frac{1683}{10}}

解法二

思路

展开

(c) 的另一种方法:直线 ll 下方的面积可以用梯形公式直接计算(不需要积分),再减去 (a) 中曲线下的积分结果。

答题过程

展开

With k=4k = 4, the area under curve CC from part (a) is 169.2169.2.

At B(16,q)B(16, q): q=(16−4)216=36q = \dfrac{(16-4)^2}{\sqrt{16}} = 36.

The line ll passes through A(1,9)A(1, 9) and B(16,36)B(16, 36). The area under ll from x=1x = 1 to x=16x = 16 is a trapezium with parallel sides 99 and 3636, and height 1515:

Area of trapezium= 12(9+36)×15= 12×45×15= 6752= 337.5\begin{align*} \text{Area of trapezium} =&\, \frac{1}{2}(9 + 36) \times 15 \\ =&\, \frac{1}{2} \times 45 \times 15 \\ =&\, \frac{675}{2} \\ =&\, 337.5 \end{align*}

Area of region RR:

Area= 337.5−169.2= 6752−8465= 3375−169210= 168310\begin{align*} \text{Area} =&\, 337.5 - 169.2 \\ =&\, \frac{675}{2} - \frac{846}{5} \\ =&\, \frac{3375 - 1692}{10} \\ =&\, \frac{1683}{10} \end{align*} 168310\boxed{\frac{1683}{10}}

梯形也可拆成矩形与三角形:矩形面积为 15×9=13515\times9=135,三角形面积为 12×15×(36−9)=202.5\frac12\times15\times(36-9)=202.5,合计仍为 337.5。