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P2 2023 May Q2

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 May Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working. Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.

f(x)=4x3−8x2+5x+af(x) = 4x^3 - 8x^2 + 5x + a

where aa is a constant.

Given that (2x−3)(2x - 3) is a factor of f(x)f(x),

(a) use the factor theorem to show that a=−3a = -3

(2)

(b) Hence show that the equation f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has only one real root.

(4)
题目中文翻译

本题必须展示全部计算步骤。不接受依赖计算器技术的解答。

已知 f(x)=4x3−8x2+5x+af(x)=4x^3-8x^2+5x+a,其中 aa 是常数。已知 2x−32x-3 是 f(x)f(x) 的因式,

(a) 使用因式定理证明 a=−3a=-3。(2 分)

(b) 由此证明方程 f(x)=0f(x)=0 只有一个实根。(4 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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因式定理给出 f(3/2)=0f(3/2)=0。将 x=3/2x=3/2 代入并展示中间运算,得到 a=−3a=-3。

答题过程

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Since (2x−3)(2x - 3) is a factor of f(x)f(x), by the factor theorem f ⁣(32)=0f\!\Big(\dfrac{3}{2}\Big) = 0.

f ⁣(32)= 4(32)3−8(32)2 +5(32)+a= 4×278−8×94 +5×32+a= 272−18+152+a= 27+152−18+a= 21−18+a= 3+a\begin{align*} f\!\Big(\frac{3}{2}\Big) =&\, 4\Big(\frac{3}{2}\Big)^3 - 8\Big(\frac{3}{2}\Big)^2 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 5\Big(\frac{3}{2}\Big) + a \\ =&\, 4 \times \frac{27}{8} - 8 \times \frac{9}{4} \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+ 5 \times \frac{3}{2} + a \\ =&\, \frac{27}{2} - 18 + \frac{15}{2} + a \\ =&\, \frac{27 + 15}{2} - 18 + a \\ =&\, 21 - 18 + a \\ =&\, 3 + a \end{align*}

Setting 3+a=03 + a = 0:

a=−3\boxed{a = -3}

(b)

解法一

思路

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承接 (a),将三次式除以 2x−32x-3 得二次因式。判别式为负,说明二次因式没有实根,故唯一实根来自线性因式。

答题过程

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With a=−3a = -3, f(x)=4x3−8x2+5x−3f(x) = 4x^3 - 8x^2 + 5x - 3.

Since (2x−3)(2x - 3) is a factor, dividing f(x)f(x) by (2x−3)(2x - 3):

f(x)= 2x2(2x−3) +(−2x2+5x−3)= 2x2(2x−3)−x(2x−3) +(2x−3)= (2x−3)(2x2−x+1).\begin{align*} f(x)=&\,2x^2(2x-3)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(-2x^2+5x-3)\\ =&\,2x^2(2x-3)-x(2x-3)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(2x-3)\\ =&\,(2x-3)(2x^2-x+1). \end{align*}

For the quadratic 2x2−x+12x^2 - x + 1, the discriminant is:

Δ= (−1)2−4(2)(1)= 1−8= −7<0\begin{align*} \Delta =&\, (-1)^2 - 4(2)(1) \\ =&\, 1 - 8 \\ =&\, -7 < 0 \end{align*}

Since Δ<0\Delta < 0, the quadratic 2x2−x+1=02x^2 - x + 1 = 0 has no real roots.

Therefore f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has only one real root, x=32x = \dfrac{3}{2}. ■\quad\blacksquare

解法二

思路

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(b) 的另一种证法:配方法。将 2x2−x+12x^2 - x + 1 配成完全平方加正常数的形式,说明它恒正,从而无实根。

答题过程

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With a=−3a = -3, f(x)=4x3−8x2+5x−3=(2x−3)(2x2−x+1)f(x) = 4x^3 - 8x^2 + 5x - 3 = (2x - 3)(2x^2 - x + 1).

Complete the square for 2x2−x+12x^2 - x + 1:

2x2−x+1= 2(x2−12x)+1= 2(x2−12x+116) −18+1= 2(x−14)2−18+1= 2(x−14)2+78\begin{align*} 2x^2 - x + 1 =&\, 2\Big(x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x\Big) + 1 \\ =&\, 2\Big(x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x + \frac{1}{16}\Big) \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac18+1 \\ =&\, 2\Big(x - \frac{1}{4}\Big)^2 - \frac{1}{8} + 1 \\ =&\, 2\Big(x - \frac{1}{4}\Big)^2 + \frac{7}{8} \end{align*}

Since 2(x−14)2⩾02\Big(x - \dfrac{1}{4}\Big)^2 \geqslant 0 for all xx, we have 2x2−x+1⩾78>02x^2 - x + 1 \geqslant \dfrac{7}{8} > 0.

Therefore 2x2−x+1=02x^2 - x + 1 = 0 has no real roots, and f(x)=0f(x) = 0 has only one real root. ■\quad\blacksquare