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P2 2023 May Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 May Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The binomial expansion, in ascending powers of xx, of (3+px)5(3 + px)^5

where pp is a constant, can be written in the form

A+Bx+Cx2+Dx3+⋯A + Bx + Cx^2 + Dx^3 + \cdots

where AA, BB, CC and DD are constants.

(a) Find the value of AA

(1)

Given that B=18DB = 18D and p<0p < 0,

(b) find (i) the value of pp   (ii) the value of CC

(6)
题目中文翻译

(3+px)5(3+px)^5 按 xx 升幂排列的二项式展开可写成 A+Bx+Cx2+Dx3+⋯A+Bx+Cx^2+Dx^3+\cdots,其中 pp 是常数,A,B,C,DA,B,C,D 也是常数。

(a) 求 AA。(1 分)

已知 B=18DB=18D 且 p<0p<0,

(b) 求 (i) pp;(ii) CC。(6 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

二项展开的常数项来自 353^5。

答题过程

展开

The constant term is:

A= 35= 243\begin{align*} A =&\, 3^5 \\ =&\, \boxed{243} \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

求出 xx 与 x3x^3 的系数,使用 B=18DB=18D 求 pp;因为 p<0p<0,可以除以非零的 pp 并选择负根。再代入 x2x^2 系数求 CC。

答题过程

展开

(i)

The binomial expansion of (3+px)5(3 + px)^5:

(3+px)5=∑r=05(5r)35−r(px)r(3 + px)^5 = \sum_{r=0}^{5} \binom{5}{r} 3^{5-r}(px)^r

Coefficient of xx:

B= (51)⋅34⋅p= 5×81×p= 405p\begin{align*} B =&\, \binom{5}{1} \cdot 3^4 \cdot p \\ =&\, 5 \times 81 \times p \\ =&\, 405p \end{align*}

Coefficient of x3x^3:

D= (53)⋅32⋅p3= 10×9×p3= 90p3\begin{align*} D =&\, \binom{5}{3} \cdot 3^2 \cdot p^3 \\ =&\, 10 \times 9 \times p^3 \\ =&\, 90p^3 \end{align*}

Given B=18DB = 18D:

405p= 18×90p3405p= 1620p3405p−1620p3= 0405p(1−4p2)= 0\begin{align*} 405p =&\, 18 \times 90p^3 \\ 405p =&\, 1620p^3 \\ 405p - 1620p^3 =&\, 0 \\ 405p(1 - 4p^2) =&\, 0 \end{align*}

Since p≠0p \neq 0:

1−4p2= 0p2= 14p= ±12\begin{align*} 1 - 4p^2 =&\, 0 \\ p^2 =&\, \frac{1}{4} \\ p =&\, \pm\frac{1}{2} \end{align*}

Given p<0p < 0:

p=−12\boxed{p = -\frac{1}{2}}

(ii)

Coefficient of x2x^2:

C= (52)⋅33⋅p2= 10×27×p2= 270p2\begin{align*} C =&\, \binom{5}{2} \cdot 3^3 \cdot p^2 \\ =&\, 10 \times 27 \times p^2 \\ =&\, 270p^2 \end{align*} C= 270×(−12)2= 270×14= 67.5\begin{align*} C =&\, 270 \times \Big(-\frac{1}{2}\Big)^2 \\ =&\, 270 \times \frac{1}{4} \\ =&\, \boxed{67.5} \end{align*}

解法二:先提取 243

思路

展开

先写成 243(1+px/3)5243(1+px/3)^5。BB 与 DD 的共同因子 243 在 B=18DB=18D 中约掉,可先用括号内的系数求 pp,再恢复原展开式的 x2x^2 系数。

答题过程

展开

(i)

(3+px)5= 243(1+px3)5= 243[1+5(px3) +10(px3)2 +10(px3)3+⋯].\begin{align*} (3+px)^5=&\,243\Big(1+\frac{px}{3}\Big)^5\\ =&\,243\Big[1+5\Big(\frac{px}{3}\Big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+10\Big(\frac{px}{3}\Big)^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+10\Big(\frac{px}{3}\Big)^3+\cdots\Big]. \end{align*}

Since B=18DB=18D, cancelling the common factor 243 gives

5(p3)= 18(10)(p3)345p= 180p3p2= 14.\begin{align*} 5\Big(\frac p3\Big)=&\,18(10)\Big(\frac p3\Big)^3\\ 45p=&\,180p^3\\ p^2=&\,\frac14. \end{align*}

Here p<0p<0, so p≠0p\ne0 and division by pp is valid. Therefore p=−1/2p=-1/2.

(ii) Restoring the factor 243, the coefficient of x2x^2 is

C= 243(10)(p3)2= 270p2=1352=67.5.\begin{align*} C=&\,243(10)\Big(\frac p3\Big)^2\\ =&\,270p^2=\frac{135}{2}=67.5. \end{align*}