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P2 2023 Oct Q10

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

(i) (a) Find, in ascending powers of xx, the 2nd, 3rd and 5th terms of the binomial expansion of (3+2x)6(3 + 2x)^6.

(3)

For a particular value of xx, these three terms form consecutive terms in a geometric series.

(b) Find this value of xx.

(3)

(ii) In a different geometric series,

  • the first term is sin⁡2θ\sin^2\theta
  • the common ratio is 2cos⁡θ2\cos\theta
  • the sum to infinity is 85\dfrac{8}{5}

(a) Show that 5cos⁡2θ−16cos⁡θ+3=05\cos^2\theta - 16\cos\theta + 3 = 0.

(3)

(b) Hence find the exact value of the 2nd term in the series.

(3)
题目中文翻译

(i) (a) 求 (3+2x)6(3 + 2x)^6 的二项式展开式中,按 xx 的升幂排列的第2项、第3项和第5项。

(3分)

对于某个特定的 xx 值,这三项构成等比数列的连续三项。

(b) 求这个 xx 值。

(3分)

(ii) 在另一个等比数列中,

  • 首项为 sin⁡2θ\sin^2\theta
  • 公比为 2cos⁡θ2\cos\theta
  • 无穷项和为 85\dfrac{8}{5}

(a) 证明 5cos⁡2θ−16cos⁡θ+3=05\cos^2\theta - 16\cos\theta + 3 = 0。

(3分)

(b) 由此求该数列第2项的精确值。

(3分)

解答

(i)(a)

解法一

思路

展开

二项式展开的第 r+1r+1 项为 (6r)36−r(2x)r\binom6r3^{6-r}(2x)^r。第 2、3、5 项分别取 r=1,2,4r=1,2,4。

答题过程

展开

The general term is

Tr+1=(6r)36−r(2x)r.T_{r+1}=\binom6r3^{6-r}(2x)^r.

Therefore

T2= (61)35(2x)= 6×243×2x= 2916x,T3= (62)34(2x)2= 15×81×4x2= 4860x2,T5= (64)32(2x)4= 15×9×16x4= 2160x4.\begin{align*} T_2 =&\,\binom61 3^5(2x)\\ =&\,6\times243\times2x\\ =&\,\boxed{2916x},\\ T_3 =&\,\binom62 3^4(2x)^2\\ =&\,15\times81\times4x^2\\ =&\,\boxed{4860x^2},\\ T_5 =&\,\binom64 3^2(2x)^4\\ =&\,15\times9\times16x^4\\ =&\,\boxed{2160x^4}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

先从括号提取 3,得到 729(1+2x3)6729(1+\frac{2x}{3})^6,再读取标准展开式中所需的三个系数。

答题过程

展开

Write

(3+2x)6=729(1+2x3)6.(3+2x)^6=729\bigg(1+\frac{2x}{3}\bigg)^6.

Using the coefficients 66, 1515 and 1515 of the first, second and fourth powers:

T2= 729×6×2x3= 2916x,T3= 729×15(2x3)2= 4860x2,T5= 729×15(2x3)4= 2160x4.\begin{align*} T_2 =&\,729\times6\times\frac{2x}{3}\\ =&\,\boxed{2916x},\\ T_3 =&\,729\times15\bigg(\frac{2x}{3}\bigg)^2\\ =&\,\boxed{4860x^2},\\ T_5 =&\,729\times15\bigg(\frac{2x}{3}\bigg)^4\\ =&\,\boxed{2160x^4}. \end{align*}

(i)(b)

解法一

思路

展开

利用 (a) 的三项。连续等比三项满足中项平方等于两旁之积,代入后求题目所需的非零解。

答题过程

展开

For consecutive terms in a geometric series,

T32=T2T5.T_3^2=T_2T_5.

Using part (a):

(4860x2)2= (2916x)(2160x4)23619600x4= 6298560x5.\begin{align*} (4860x^2)^2 =&\,(2916x)(2160x^4)\\ 23619600x^4 =&\,6298560x^5. \end{align*}

For the geometric series with non-zero terms, x≠0x\ne0, so divide by x4x^4:

23619600= 6298560xx= 236196006298560= 154.\begin{align*} 23619600 =&\,6298560x\\ x =&\,\frac{23619600}{6298560}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{15}{4}}. \end{align*}

也可直接令相邻两项的比值相等:

4860x22916x= 2160x44860x253x= 49x2x= 154(x≠0).\begin{align*} \frac{4860x^2}{2916x} =&\,\frac{2160x^4}{4860x^2}\\ \frac53x =&\,\frac49x^2\\ x =&\,\frac{15}{4}\qquad(x\ne0). \end{align*}

(ii)(a)

解法一

思路

展开

无穷等比和收敛时 ∣r∣<1|r|<1。把首项、公比与无穷和代入公式,再用 sin⁡2θ=1−cos⁡2θ\sin^2\theta=1-\cos^2\theta。

答题过程

展开

For the convergent series, ∣2cos⁡θ∣<1|2\cos\theta|<1. The sum to infinity gives

sin⁡2θ1−2cos⁡θ=85.\frac{\sin^2\theta}{1-2\cos\theta}=\frac85.

Hence

5sin⁡2θ= 8(1−2cos⁡θ)5(1−cos⁡2θ)= 8−16cos⁡θ5−5cos⁡2θ= 8−16cos⁡θ5cos⁡2θ−16cos⁡θ+3=0.\begin{align*} 5\sin^2\theta =&\,8(1-2\cos\theta)\\ 5(1-\cos^2\theta) =&\,8-16\cos\theta\\ 5-5\cos^2\theta =&\,8-16\cos\theta\\ \boxed{5\cos^2\theta-16\cos\theta+3=0}.& \end{align*}

(ii)(b)

解法一

思路

展开

由 (a) 解关于 cos⁡θ\cos\theta 的二次式,舍去不可能的值,再算首项与公比之积。

答题过程

展开

From part (a),

5cos⁡2θ−16cos⁡θ+3= (5cos⁡θ−1)(cos⁡θ−3)= 0.\begin{align*} 5\cos^2\theta-16\cos\theta+3 =&\,(5\cos\theta-1)(\cos\theta-3)\\ =&\,0. \end{align*}

Since ∣cos⁡θ∣≤1|\cos\theta|\leq1, reject cos⁡θ=3\cos\theta=3. Thus

cos⁡θ=15,r=25,\cos\theta=\frac15,\qquad r=\frac25,

which also satisfies ∣r∣<1|r|<1.

Now

a=sin⁡2θ= 1−125=2425,T2=ar= 2425×25= 48125.\begin{align*} a=\sin^2\theta =&\,1-\frac1{25}=\frac{24}{25},\\ T_2=ar =&\,\frac{24}{25}\times\frac25\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{48}{125}}. \end{align*}

也可用二次公式求同样的两个候选值:

cos⁡θ= 16±256−6010= 16±1410=3 or 15.\begin{align*} \cos\theta =&\,\frac{16\pm\sqrt{256-60}}{10}\\ =&\,\frac{16\pm14}{10} =3\text{ or }\frac15. \end{align*}